1、中文 3360 字， 2008 单词 外文文献翻译 原文： INFLATION IN ACCOUNTING INFLAIA N CONTABILITATE ALBETA SUHNYIOV * In general, inflation represents decrease of purchasing power of money. It is shown as increase in price level in production, consumption and investment area. In certain periods, nobody pays attention to
2、inflation problem, but on the other hand matter is not unnoticed. We can say, that discussion about this matter are continuous, when price level increase significantly. I analyzed in this article methods that are used in accounting for adjusting the effects of inflation. In example I compare alterna
3、tive accounting methods. Key words: Inflation, financial statements, measurement at historical costs, measurement at current cost, alternative inflation accounting methods. Considering inflation, we should mention that foreign authors frequently discuss about changes in price level. This term includ
4、es two categories of price changes: price changes in general price level, price changes in specific items of assets. Slovak accounting standards does not treat with inflation problem in specific and complex way. But there are some exceptions. In case of receivable valued in inflationary currency, ac
5、counting entity reflects this fact by creating provision against receivable. Within the framework of international legal regulations International Financial Reporting Standards IAS/IFRS, in standard IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies, state that financial statements prepared i
6、n hyperinflationary currency without elimination of inflation are not useful. Money loses purchasing power at such a rate that comparison of amounts from transactions and other events that have occurred at different times, even within the same accounting period, is misleading. Application of this st
7、andard is a matter of judgment. One of accounting principles valuation in historical costs (historical cost) states that goods and services are valued at their original cost when transaction occurred. Financial statements in historical costs, called also as a financial statements under accounting me
8、thod Historical Cost/Nominal Dollar (HC/ND), are influenced during periods of significant inflations negatively due to decrease in purchase power of money. Effect of inflation is that the same amount of money in the financial statements could have different purchase power in different periods. This
9、is not good for measurement of financial results. On the other hand, reporting in historical costs is more objective, because recorded values are stated based on transactions between parties trading in their own economic interest. There are more concepts of accounting, which are using price indices
10、(based on category of price change) for creation of complex financial systems to eliminate effects of inflation. Mentioned accounting systems represent alternatives to traditional accounting system reporting in historical costs (HC/ND) without adjustments considering changes in price level. With reg
11、ard to two types of changes in price level, there are two accounting systems described below: 1、 Constant Dollar Accounting accounting of stable (constant) currency, or General Price Level Adjusted Accounting accounting considering changes in general price level. 2、 Current Cost Accounting accountin
12、g of current cost, or Current Value Accounting accounting of current prices measures current values of assets, liabilities and equity. It measures rather changes in specific prices of particular assets than changes in general price level. Mentioned distinguishing is important for understanding of al
13、ternatives of financial reporting. Based on described facts we can classify main principles of financial reporting, including normally used method HC/ND, as follows: Table 1: Matrix of alternative inflationary accounting methods Valuation Valuation at historical cost Valuation at current cost Measur
14、ement at Nominal Dollar Historical Cost / Nominal Dollar (HC/ND) Current Cost / Nominal Dollar (CC/ND) Measurement at Constant Dollar Historical Cost / Constant Dollar (HC/CD) Current Cost / Constant Dollar (CC/CD) In above matrix are described two aspects: change in unit of measurement (Nominal or
15、Constant Dollar) and change in basis of valuation (historical or current cost). HISTORICAL COST/NOMINAL DOLLAR As it was mentioned above, financial statements under method HC/ND are not adjusted for inflation. They did not reflect neither changes in general price level or changes in specific prices
16、of particular assets by the time of selling, disposal, write off or donation. HISTORICAL COST/CONSTANT DOLLAR It is opposite to accounting method HC/ND. Financial statements under method HC/CD record inflation effects by restating of historical costs in terms of actual (current) purchase power of do
17、llar. This method also measures real gains or losses of purchase power of net cash items held during the period of inflation. It reflects only changes in general price level and not in current changes in prices of goods and services purchased by the entity. It represents the most using method. Mentioned alternative is supported by following arguments:
