1、中文 2840 字 ,1680 单词 1 外文翻译 文献 Supply chain management for agricultural products Resource: MBA (IT), IIIT AllahabadPulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of
2、 food for their people, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and s
3、everal other reasons production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative. Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customers de
4、mand”. Any supply chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “
5、return on investment” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses both kind of supply chain as per the need. Designing supply chain for agricultural products: Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly； as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There a
6、re some products which are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well. For designing a supply chain
7、 for any Agriculture product, its important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed. Supply chain for non perishable items: Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables like Potato and Onion are h
8、ighly inelastic in demand, moreover they are not highly perishables so the supply chain for such products should focus more on efficiency and cost effectiveness than responsiveness. These products have vital supply and demand links with the market. Cereals needs some kind of processing and polishing
9、 after they are harvested from field and from here onwards supply chain comes into play. The food grain is then packed in jute bags and then stored in cold storages till they get order from market. These type of agricultural products are highly in elastic in demand and the demand more or less remain
10、s constant so their demand can easily be forecasted and hence while designing supply chain for such products efficiency should be more preferred. Supply chain for perishable items: Fruits, green vegetables and flower come under perishable items and they need all together a more responsive, fast and
11、accountable supply chain as a means of propagation from farms to the market. These products are elastic and erratic in demand hence their demand forecasting is also difficult. They need more costly type cold storage and refrigeration, special transportation mechanism and on time delivery, all these
12、requirements make this supply chain very costly, but at the same time the price of these products are consummately adjusted to ensure higher margin and profit. While designing supply chain for such items main focus should be given on the responsiveness. Supply chain management for fruits: To handle
13、supply chain for these items is a very demanding task. Such products need facilities like refrigerated vans, more efficient cold storage faster transportation. This is the sector where India needs more improvement. India is the second largest producer for both fruits and vegetables, next only to Chi
14、na. Major vegetables include potato, eggplants, tomatoes, cassava, cabbage, dry onions, cauliflower, pumpkin, okra and green peas, while fruits include mangoes, oranges, apples, grapes, pineapples and papaya. So we severely need better support system to handle this massive produce. For example refri
15、gerated vans, the need for refrigerated vans is driven by economics. Every year, India wastes over 30 per cent of the fruits and vegetables owing to shortage of proper cold chain infrastructure. As of today, most of the fruits and 3 vegetables and meat get spoilt by the time they are transported fro
16、m the farmlands to the retail chains in the cities. The export potential of fresh fruits, vegetables and dairy sector in India has not been fully tapped considering the size and diversity of these sectors. A poor supply chain is a chief reason behind this. However, India has a negligible share in im
17、ports of fruits and vegetables by countries like Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Syria and Thailand. Considering the level of imports in Asian countries, the study noted that India has a high p
18、otential in many Asian markets. Potential fruits identified by the study for increasing the exports include apples, oranges, bananas, watermelon, mandarin, pineapple, mangoes and guavas. Potential vegetables identified by the study include garlic, cauliflower, tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, peas, mu
19、shrooms, onions and eggplants. Major problems for fresh fruit and vegetable exports from India include low productivity (cost competitiveness) as compared to global standards, prevalence of a low level of pre-harvest and post-harvest technologies, international quality standards and existence of dis
20、tortion in market channels and poor supply chain system. Developing region specific export facilitation centers and emphasizing the role of Agri-Export Zones (AEZs) further in tandem with the market requirements, especially to provide a specific thrust to the quality and supply chain requirements of
21、 the target markets. A case introduction about the main application technology in Japan Fresh Logistics: In order to maintain the freshness of agricultural products, need to form different products and flow characteristics of the harvest, transport, storage, logistics links the integrated use of var
22、ious types of technology. (A) the cold chain system is the core of logistics technology, preservation of agricultural products, mainly involving pre-cooling, freezing refrigerated transportation and warehousing sectors insulation. 1. Precooling means immediately after the harvest of agricultural pro
23、ducts for rapid cooling of their processing, treatment can be controlled by pre-cooling products, respiration and evaporation to prevent the organic acids, Victoria C, etc. to reduce nutrients, inhibit bacterial growth in order to achieve the maintenance of product color, anti-corrosion and to preve
24、nt overripe fruit and other fresh-keeping effect. The pre-cooling is more popular in Japan that the main mode are as follows: (1) forced ventilation pre-cooling: to pre-cooling bank chilling by cold air for 4 cooling. Construction costs low, can be applied to wider variety of agricultural industries
25、, but the cooling process more time-consuming, non-uniform cooling. (2) differential pressure ventilation pre-cooling: In the manufacture of pressure difference on both sides of the container, to instill air-conditioning inside the container. Construction costs in the forced ventilation between the
26、pre-cooling and vacuum pre-cooling. Forced ventilation cooling rate faster than the pre-cooling, and the cooling effect of uniform, but some agricultural products so that method has been applied will be sent fade. When loading takes some time. (3) Vacuum precooling: The agricultural products into th
27、e decompression chamber, promoting the internal water evaporation, thus cooling. The cooling speed, the effect is even, but not frozen bulky, surface area of small fruit. Higher construction costs, more was necessary to build cold storage. (4) cold-water pre-cooling: to pour cold water on agricultur
28、al products, or to soak them in refrigeration. Cool faster, but not suitable for soaking the product can not be more need for a separate cold storage building. 2. Frozen refrigerated transport is an important component of cold chain system, mainly involving insulation trucks, containers and incubato
29、r technology. Japan is now the majority of perishable agricultural products have been the vast majority of the use of heat insulation container transport trucks and some high-end agricultural products by air to shorten the circulation time. Such as the early morning harvest fish, high-grade fruits,
30、the day will be able to appear in Tokyo department stores on the counter. (B) preservation, and packaging According to different product characteristics and circulation patterns, use of appropriate preservation, and packaging technologies. Of potatoes, onions and other non-perishable vegetables, etc
31、. can take a simple packaging, through the air circulation inside the container can control the mildew and rot. And to maximize the size of the transport and improve transport efficiency, bringing the cost advantages of scale. Order online or mail order and other small-scale circulation of agricultu
32、ral products, the use of foam packaging plus refrigerated cooling agent. Pairs of high-valued agricultural products can be taken to special packaging. Such as Japan in the cherry, peach, strawberry and other fruit on the packaging of easily bruised widespread use of buffering materials, and the use of special preservation tank to
