1、1 1930 单词， 3450 汉字 本科毕业 论文 （ 设计 ） 外 文 翻 译 外文题目 Michael.Risk management： The reinvention of internal control and the changing role of internal audit 外文出处 Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 外文 作者 Laura F. Spira / Michael Page 原文 ： THE METAMORPHOSIS OF INTERNAL AUDIT In this section we trace
2、 the development of internal audit and compare the rhetoric of the associations seeking to professionalise the activity with the changes which are occurring in the work of internal auditors as a result of external pressures and the opportunity to expand their remit which the redefinition of internal
3、 control affords. Historically, internal audit has been viewed as a monitoring function, the organizational policeman and watchdog (Morgan, 1979, p.161), tolerated as a necessary component of organizational control but deemed subservient to the achievement of major corporate objectives. An examinati
4、on of the pressures on internal audit in recent years reveals the structure to demonstrate that the function can add value. Outsourcing of the internal audit function became popular during the 1980s as the costs of internal audit were being closely scrutinized in many companies, often as a result of
5、 the application of business process re-engineering techniques. The move to outsourcing was one of the driving forces for change in internal audit. The large accounting firms saw opportunities for new business. Bruce (1996) suested that a risk management approach to strategy by top management and a
6、desire to view it in an integrated way was an impetus towards integration of external and internal audit, 2 but the need for independence of external auditors provided a countervailing pressure. The response of the internal audit community has been to emphasise professionalism and the potential of i
7、nternal audit to add value.Kalbers and Fogarty (1995) observed that discussions about professionalism have exercised internal auditors for many years. In 1979, Morgan identified the aspiration of internal auditors to move from controller to controller-adviser as part of the process of professionalis
8、ation of internal audit, noting that this shift can only be successfully achieved at the cost of surrendering certain elements of the controllership role, and some of the claims to formal authority which go along with it. (Morgan 1979, p.168) He observed that internal auditors found it problematic t
9、o relinquish such claims, and cited difficulties encountered when internal auditors, having attempted to establish a co-operative relationship with auditees, were obliged to resort to formal authority to obtain access to information or to deal with problems revealed by audit. He noted that: .recent
10、IIA pronouncements which emphasise how internal audit should provide a “service to the organisation” and how internal auditors should become more accountable to Audit Committees of Boards of Directors and society, rather than exclusively to managementsignal the definition of a role and power base wh
11、ich returns to the philosophy of the original audit rolebut which carries with it an expanded conception of the audit function whichseeks to combine control and advisory functions, by orienting the latter to the highest organisational levels. (Morgan 1979, pp. 169-70) Twenty years after Morgans obse
12、rvations, the Institute of Internal Auditors promulgated a new definition of internal auditing which focuses on independence and objectivity, identifying an assurance and consulting role for internal audit and emphasizing adding value and improving effectiveness of risk management, control and gover
13、nance processes. Krogstad etal. (1999, p.33) outlined the development of this new definition and noted that internal auditings interface with governance raises the stakes for the profession. 3 Although this new interest in the potential of internal audit to contribute positively to corporate objecti
14、ves offers an opportunity for a stronger claim to professional status, difficulties remain. Pentland (2000), seeking to establish the boundaries of audit, observed that auditors are experts in process rather than content: in areas such as environmental audit, specialists from other disciplines offer
15、 strong competition to the expert status of the traditional internal auditor. Similar challenges are encountered in the area of risk management and may be rebutted by the assertion that internal audit has the advantage of independence (ICAEW 2000, p.9) but the tension remains between the consultancy
16、 role of internal audit and claims of independent status. Fogarty and Kalbers (2000) explored a range of dimensions of professionalisation in internal audit, identifying independence, autonomy and self-regulation as key attributes, but cautioning that .organisations should also be aware that interna
17、l auditing inherently involves role conflict. Efforts to eliminate role conflict may deny internal auditors the very essence of their roles in the organisations.(p.134). Claims for professional status both support and are supported by the identification of areas in which professional expertise may b
18、e demonstrated. The financial scandals which provoked world-wide concern with corporate governance in the 1990s highlighted apparent failures of accountability 9. Inevitably audit and internal control, mechanisms designed to secure accountability, became a focus for the debate about reform. Internal
19、 auditors, traditionally specialists in internal control but not highly regarded within organisations, have attracted the attention of boards grappling with external demands for assurance about corporate governance practice. Thus Turnbulls broader approach to internal control has offered internal au
20、dit the opportunity to claim expertise in the crucial area of risk management. The power base of internal audit is firmly established: it is a key component of good corporate governance practice. But to what extent has the opportunity identified for extending this advantage been exploited by internal auditors? There is a consensus that important changes are occurring in the nature of
