1、外文翻译 原文 (节选 ) Analysi s of the Competitiveness of the Ningbo Garment Industry Material Source: June 2005 Journal of Kristianstad University College Author: Leo Wang Peter Wang Roger Wang 1.1 Overview of the Ningbo Garment Industry Ningbo is located on the east coast of China, in the south of the Yan
2、gtze Delta. It is an important industrial base in the Zhejiang Province and has become one of the largest port cities in China. The garment sector is an important part of Ningbos manufacturing industry, giving employment to more than 200,000 people. Its importance for social and economic cohesion ha
3、s increased because it is dominated by a great number of enterprises. More than 2,000 firms are engaged in this industry, of which 439 are medium-sized and large-sized enterprises with a total 117,000 employees. In 2003, all Ningbos garment industry produced over 1.4 billion suits, accounting for 12
4、% of the countrys total production capacity, and had a 22.8 billion RMB (approximately $ 2.76 billion) turnover. As the oldest sector in the history of Ningbo industrial development, the garment industry has undergone remarkable expansion and modernization efforts through its privatization and marke
5、tization during the last 1990s. It has increased productivity through the cluster and production chain, re-oriented production from low-quality to high-quality products and made abundant established brands. Now in Ningbo, 11 firms are of Chinas 100 best garment enterprises. The Ningbo garment indust
6、ry has nurtured a number of famous brands in mens and childrens wear such as Firs ,Youngor , Romon ,Yixiu and so on, of which 12 are national brands. They enjoy significant market shares in their respective market segments on the Chinese mainland. Firs, Youngor and Romon are very famous in China. Me
7、anwhile, their presence has accelerated the development of the whole Ningbo garment industry. Ningbo is also known as a foreign trading port with a long history. Ningbo created the glory of “the silk road on sea” in ancient times and it was the birthplace of the garment industry in modern China. Nin
8、gbo tailors made the first Chinese tunic suit and the first Western-style suit, managed the first Western-style suit store, and wrote the first book on making Western suits in China. What is more, Ningbonese in China founded the first garment school. The above five “first” in China fully prove the p
9、lace and function of the city in the history of clothing development of China. Since 1978 Ningbo has boasted rapid development of export trade, especially the garment industry. The degree of openness of the Ningbo garment industry is very high. The proportion of export volume to total sale is high,
10、64.9% in 2000 and 70% in 2003. The top destinations are Japan, the US, the EU and Korean. Ningbo has been an important exporter of garment in China and also has been an important producer of mens clothing in the world. Ningbo garment enterprises have introduced the most advanced production equipment
11、s to improve productivity and quality. It is great that the garment industry contribution to the GDP of Ningbo, and 4% of the population are involved in this labor-intensive industry. The profit of the Ningbo garment industry mounted to 1,224 million RMB (about $148.4 million). Compared with Shangha
12、i, Hangzhou and other neighbor cities, the production value, sale, profit and profit margin of the Ningbo garment industry are the highest. The Ningbo Textile and garment is one of six major industries in the area, not only directly promote the development of Ningbo economy and society, but also boo
13、st the fashion atmosphere and globalization. However, with the transformation of the international garment industry and trade situation, with increasing degrees of garment trade liberalization on the international market, the Ningbo garment industry is faced with a number of challenges. How can the
14、industry keep the predominant position in Chinese mainland and share more of the opening market abroad. Therefore, in the future, Ningbo must improve the competitiveness of the garment industry, adapt to new competitive regulations and changing business environment, and gain the advantages in both d
15、omestic and international competition. 1.2 Factor Conditions The factors conditions are composed of the two parts: basic factors and advanced factors. The basic factors include geographic conditions and natural resources, infrastructure and energy supply, basic labor force resources and local financ
16、ial market. Meanwhile, the advanced factors consist of technical equipments, talents, education, innovation activities, capital operation and the like. A. Basic Factors Geographic Condition and Natural Resources Ningbo city is located in the eastern part of the Zhejiang province along the East China
17、 Sea, with the Zhoushan Archipelago as its natural shelter in the east, borderingon the Hangzhou Bay in the north, neighboring on the city of Shaoxing in the west,facingSanmen Bay in the south, and adjacent to the country of Taizhou. The YaojianRiver and the Fenghuajian River converge downtown and f
18、low into the East China Sea through the Yongjian River. Ningbo Port ranks as the second among the continent ports in China and is one of the largest ports with an annual cargo throughput of more than one hundred million tons. The shallowest section of the entry channel is more than 18.2 meters deep,
19、 enough for vessels of less than 250,000 tonnages to entry freely. Huge ships of 250,000 to 30,000 tonnages can also navigate at tide. It is well situated at the middle of the coastline of Mainland China, just at the T-shaped joining point of north-south shipping line and the golden waterway of the
20、Yangtze River. Its service area covers the whole East China and the high-developed economic drainage areas of the Yangtze River. It is also convenient to navigate to the Southeast Asian and the whole Asian Pacific regions. Thanks to the port, Ningbo has a long history of foreign trade. Ningbo is loc
21、ated in the fast developing economic zone of the Yangtze River Delta. The complementarities and interaction between Jianshu province, Zhejiang province and Shanghai and the prosperity of Shanghai Metropolis will significantly stimulate the development of Ningbos economy. Infrastructure and Energy Su
22、pply a) Transportation system. There is a high-developed transportation network of highway, railway, aviation and waterway. With the completion of cross-sea and cross-gulf bridges, Ningbo will be soon integrated into the “two-hour” economic circle of Shanghai. b) The Construction of Informationaliza
23、tion. Ningbo has established the Internet Exchange Center and Ningbo Branch of Digital Certification (CA). The scale of network, the level of technology and the ability of service keep ahead in the nation. The local network has a comprehensive ability to provide with fixed and mobile audio communica
24、tion services, datum services, computer multi-media services and image communication services. c) Electricity Supply. The severe shortage of electricity supply, which results in the halt of operation, is a short-term problem that will be solved by the completion of massive electricity projects. Basi
25、c Labor Force Resources Ningbo is abundant in high-quality basic labor force resources and job seekers coming from other poverty-striken regions. So it is very easy for the local garment firms to employ high quality but cheap labor force resources. Compared with some eastern European countries, the
26、labor cost in Ningbo is kept lower. Nevertheless, with the rise of living costs of the inhabitants, the firms will be confronted with an increase of labor force costs. Furthermore, they are facing more and more pressure from some developing countries such as Pakistan and India etc. The average hourl
27、y pay rate in some developing countries are as follows: 1.77$ in Tunisia, 1.89$ in Morocco, $1.01 in Albania, 2.9$ in Poland and 2.13$ in Turkey, while lower levels can be found in Asian countries (Indonesia 0.7$, China 0.6$, Vietnam 0.6$, Thailand 0.5$, India 0.2 $, Pakistan 0.2$). Compared to $191
28、92 annual wage in Los Angeles (Los Angeles Fashion Industry 2003), Ningbo has an average annual wage of $1653(0.62 $/h, close to the Chinas average level), which is higher than in western China and southern Asia. These figures illustrate that the Ningbo garment industry will face challenges not only
29、 from the inner land of China, but also from some developing countries where their wages maintain a low level. Talents and Education With regards to talents and education, Ningbo has been investing huge amounts in preparing for construction of the Ningbo Vocational College of Textile Technology, the
30、 Ningbo Vocational College of Apparel Technology and the Ningbo Garment School. By now, the courses related to the textile and clothing industry are taught at more than 30 colleges and schools in the city. In the past five years, Ningbo has nurtured more than 6,000 students However, the undergraduat
31、es only accounts for 1.5% of them. Those colleges and schools lack ability to foster the higher-level talents. At the same time, the profound cultural tradition and atmosphere of the garment industry in Ningbo have cultivated a large group of excellently skilled-workers in the garment industry. Now
32、the government pays much attention to inheriting and developing the excellent cultural tradition of clothing. However, compared with the neighbor cities, such as Shanghai, Hangzhou and Shuzhou, Ningbo has some comparative disadvantages, to some extent, especially in the aspect of fame. This gives ri
33、se to a flow-out of local talents and excellent talents from other regions are unwilling to work in Ningbo. The majority of the numerous SMEs in Ningbo, which are private-owned and operated in a family manner, lack instruments attracting and retaining talents. Up to now, Ningbo only has 40 garment s
34、enior technicians, which accounts for 0.8% of all the tailors. The phenomenon of lacking senior talents, such as designers and senior managers in the garment industry, impedes the Ningbo garment industry further development. 1.3 Team of designers and Capital Operation The Apparel Design Headquarter of Firs Ltd. Co.: owning a large group of domestic well-known designers and foreign designers: The Design Center of Youngor Ltd. Co.: being
