1、中文 3168 字 2154 单词 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Assessing the Significance of City Tourism in Europe 出 处： 2010， Analysing International City Tourism， Part 2， Pages 43-58 作 者： Ulrike Bauernfeind， Irem Arsal， Florian Aubke and Karl Wber 1. Purpose and objective This chapter continues the focus on city tourism, by
2、assessing the signicance of city tourism in Europe compared to European tourism overall. In doing so, the focus is not only on the current situation but also on possible future developments, thus the chapter follows two distinct objectives. Firstly, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role ci
3、ty tourism played in Europe in past and present, and secondly, to provide some outlook into the future development of European city tourism. In particular, the chapter attempts to provide an answer to the question: Based on past and present experience, how is the share of city tourism likely to deve
4、lop in the years to come? For this purpose, a number of common forecasting methods are briey introduced and their applicability to city tourism forecast is analysed. At the end of this chapter, the reader shall have a critical understanding of a) the challenges attached to European city tourism data
5、, b) commonly applied forecasting methods and their appropriateness, and c) the role city tourism plays in Europe relative to overall tourism. 2. Introduction The popular voice often states that tourism is a signicant if not the most signicant industry sector for most European countries, in addition
6、 city tourism is often viewed as a major contributor. For example, a study com-missioned by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology viewed city tourism as the largest growth sector for the past 10 years with a growth rate of more than 40 % (German Federal Ministry of Economics and Te
7、chnology, 2006). Although city tourism is certainly estimated to have a signicant contribution to the overall importance of tourism in Europe, hardly any study is reporting on the total volume of city tourism in Europe and comparing it to overall tourism (Page and Hall, 2003； van den Berg, van der B
8、org, and von der Meer, 1995). The previous chapters introduced some more generic concepts and sources of city tourism statistics and TourMIS as a marketing information system. This chapter builds on the previous, and thus readers are encouraged to review the challenges of compiling and using city to
9、urism statistics. The rationale behind measuring the signicance of city tourism in Europe is mainly to critically question the popular voice stated above. The remainder of the chapter is organized as follows: First, the sources of data for the current analysis are described, and the methods of data
10、compilation and cleaning are outlined. Then, the status quo of European city tourism is portrayed, rstly on an aggregated level, then with a focus on the top 20 city destinations in Europe. Before the share of European city tourism is forecasted until 2020, most commonly applied forecasting methods
11、are introduced and their appropriateness is determined. The chapter closes with an outlook of the future of European city tourism, for the rst time including the present economic crisis as a factor. 3.European city tourism compared to overall tourism the status quo City tourism is often seen as a si
12、gnicant or even major part of overall European tourism. Some indication of volume and direction of travel ows in European city tourism exists, yet the scope and impact remains largely un-known. There is little doubt that a high percentage of tourism volume and a much higher percentage of European bu
13、siness and professional travel volume were absorbed by European metropolises； however, these assumptions have not yet been empirically conrmed. This chapter demonstrates the signicance of European city tourism by using data from 379 cities. This data series is available from 1998 until 2002. Further
14、more, for 67 European cities the time series covering the period 1991 2006 is available. The analysis will also compare the top 20 city destinations (in terms of the highest bed night volume for the year 2006) to the other 67. European tourism overall increased by 76 % from 231.6 million arrivals in
15、 1988 to 407 million in 2002. Although development of city tourism was similarly favourable in this time period (85 million arrivals in 1988 and 137 million in 2002) the rise in demand was only 61 %, thus signicantly lower than for tourism overall (see city tourism share in Figure ). In 2002, 379 ci
16、ties generated 137 million arrivals which accounts for 33.5 % of overall tourism in Europe. City tourism traditionally experiences shorter length of stays than other forms of tourism, which is illustrated in Figure 2 (3.4 days in cities whereas 5.8 days in overall Europe in the year 2002). The avera
17、ge duration of stay decreased from 1988 until 2002. The average length of stay dropped from 6.3 in 1988 to 5.8 in 2002 when looking at tourism in Europe overall. The average duration of city trips has decreased by 0.2 days (from 3.6 days in 1988 to 3.4 days in 2002). For the more recent years until
18、2006, the data for this large sample of almost 400 cities is not yet available. Therefore, a smaller sample was analyzed with a focus on recent developments of tourism bed nights in the respective destinations. Bed night data compiled by the Eurostat, the European Cities Marketing (ECM) and statisti
19、cs available on TourMIS were used to compare the changes in the performance of European city tourism to European tourism in general for the time period 1990 until 2006. Data for both, domestic and foreign tourism was considered in this comparison. The city sample includes 67 cities1 and the country
20、sample comprises 32 countries (the 27 European Union member countries as well as additional ve countries, i. e. Switzerland, Norway, Croatia, Liechtenstein and Iceland). The outcome is shown in Figure 3 which illus- Figure 3 which illus- 3 which illustrates the changes in the performances of one year compared to the previous year. The country peak in 2000 was mainly due to major bed night increases in Spain and Italy. Figure 3 also demonstrates how different the city and country performance may be from each other.
