1、中文 2685 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Tourism: A Matter of Common Concern 出 处 ： Senckenbergian amaritima Frankfurt am Main, 1998(12):209-212 作 者： E.W.Meiger 原文 Abstract Problems of tourism and recreation in the Wadden Sea are discussed. Special regard is given to land- based activities being in harmony with na
2、ture and favoring the protection of environment. The discussion focuses on the trilateral Wadden policy of the conceded European countries. The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Key words: Trilateral Wadden Sea policy, tourism, land based recreation, adverse effects on nature 1.Why a Common Concern?
3、 In the Wadden Sea area people live, work and recreate. Trilateral Wadden policy has been mainly focused on sea- based recreation. But an activity in the Wadden area which also has a direct influence on the dunes, mudflats and tidal areas is land based recreation. Millions of people visit the area e
4、ach year for leisure. Until now this has been neglected by the international Wadden policy. Because of the influence of and developments in this sector, it is necessary to widen the scope of this policy so that a strategy can be developed for all recreational activities. This implies making intellig
5、ent choices. What kind of recreational activities and accommodations fit this nature area? When and where should they take place? What amounts are in harmony with the nature we want to protect? Answers to these questions are part of a strategy for conservation of nature and recreation. In 1994, in L
6、eeuwarden, ecological goals were drawn up not only for the tidal area, but also for the beaches and dunes, the salt marshes, the coastline and the rural areas (on the islands and the adjacent areas of the mainland). In addition, it was recognized that the trilateral policy covered a wider area than
7、just the Wadden Sea. loss of natural habitats and the disturbance of flora and fauna as a result of increasing tourism was identified as a cause for cancel. To better understand the influence of land based recreation on the areas natural environment, it is necessary to first consider the situation i
8、n the tourism sector. This is mainly based on the experiences obtained by the Dutch Wadden Society in the Dutch Wadden Sea region. 2.A Summary of the Situation I. Since the middle of this century, the Wadden Sea area has been a popular destination for an ever growing number of tourists. Today touris
9、ts can choose from a wide range of accommodations: hotels, hiking cabins, apartments, camping sites, bungalows and so on. This development has sparked a lot of building activity； sometimes to replace old buildings, but more often for new building sites. In a number of cases this has been at the cost
10、 of dune areas.A first observation: to offer all these visitors a place to sleep more and more space is occupied. Sometimes at the cost of nature and sometimes at the cost of historical buildings or rural landscape. II. But not all visitors to the area stay overnight. On the one hand there are the d
11、ay tourists to the islands. Especially the islands with a short ferry time and/or low ferry costs ate favorites. On the other hand the different recreational areas along the mainland coastline also attract a large number of day tourists, particularly in Germany. Tourists not only desire a place on t
12、he beach in the sun, but also want to walk in the dunes, buy a cup of coffee and have proper transport facilities to and from the area. On the main land side of the ferry dam to Ameland, for example, there ate plans for a second level in the car park on the mainland to offer day tourists extra parki
13、ng space close to the ferry.A second observation: day tourism leaves its marks in the landscape by facilities, over fulled ashtrays, empty beach chairs and treaded plants, also when the day is over. The short second or third holiday, a midweek break or a day to escape it all, has become reality for
14、many. The quiet and long off-season period is a thing of the past for the local population and nature. The accommodation-branches anticipates this trend by building more and more cabins and bungalows at former camping sites. The lengthening of the holiday season has been encouraged by the developmen
15、t of so-called bad weather facilities like the tropical swimming pool. The result is that walkers and cyclists can be found on the beach or in the dunes as early as March. This can cause problems for migratory and breeding birds. Should the areas important to these birds be closed off to the public
16、earlier in the year? That is against the idea that people should be given as many chances as possible to enjoy nature. So what is more important: undisturbed feelings of liberty or undisturbed nest building?A third observation: lengthening of the holiday season means more disturbance risk to a numbe
17、r of bird species. IV. Recreational activities are no longer limited to a walk breathing the fresh sea air of a healing dip in the water. The current possibilities seem endless, a few examples: parachute jumping, golfing, nature combing, walking on the mudflats, visiting bird colonies, seals, a wago
18、n ride through the dunes and marshes, short aero plane trips, kiting, sunbathing, night-life, cross country cycling and so on.A fourth observation: recreational activities, even nature oriented, have more and more adverse effects on nature.The economic aspect of tourism certainly plays a role in the
19、 trilateral policy decisions. The weight that this aspect carries in the policymaking process is a choice in itself. But in what terms are we measuring the economic effects, in jobs, in regional income and investments, or in the sustainable use of nature? A fifth observation: economic aspects are pa
20、rt of the discussion about tourism and there is quite some cash flow related to it. 3.Developments and New Trends it When coming up with a strategy for recreational activities is important to consider developments and trends in the sector. 1. Tourism is a growing industry. It is seen as a sector whi
21、ch can provide employment in the near future. And for this reason subsidies are given. That is an attractive proposition, particulary in regions with relatively high unemployment. Many community councils along the Dutch coast have plans to exploit tourism. These vary from building a small bungalow p
22、ark to a health spa with a beach. Work is already in progress on the islands to improve the quality of accommodation. This requires larger investments and returns. 2. The trend to take a number of short holidays. The same number of over night stays are therefore being shared by more and other visito
23、rs and more transport is required. 3. Hotel managers want the same bed occupied more often. The stabilization of the number of beds available (a policy on the Dutch Wadden islands) is therefore certainly not synonymous with a stabilization of recreation volume. 4. The trend towards more active holidays. The activities can range from nature excursions to sport events. This raises the question whether the Wadden nature is seen as a backdrop or as a destination itself. In order to formulate a strategy on tourism we will have to take into account the five observations made.
