1、 1 中文 3200 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation 出 处： Environmental Geology 34 (2/3) May 1998 .Springer-Verlag 作 者： F. Villarroya . C. R. Aldwell Sustainable development and groundwater resources exploitation Abstract. In evaluating groundwater development
2、 both the positive and negative effects must be considered； otherwise biased conclusions may be reached. Only with equal concern for the needs of present and future generations, fair exchange of technology between countries and user involvement can sustainable groundwater development be achieved. Ex
3、amination of the use of the term aquifer overexploitation shows that there is no agreement on a single definition. In most cases it relates to the overuse of aquifers, but in other cases it is a planned overuse. In Spain, overexploitation is dealt with in the water act and implemented by the regulat
4、ions that enforce that act. Experience has shown that without the cooperation of the water users themselves, good results are not obtained. Relevant education is urgently needed for the public and those decision makers responsible for determining the correct use of groundwater resources for the pres
5、ent and future generations. Key words Groundwater development , Aquifer overexploitation Are future groundwater resources at risk? To answer the question whether future groundwater resources are at risk, it is necessary to study both the quantity and quality aspects of groundwater. Water (surface an
6、d groundwater) is one of the most pervasive substances on Earth. The total volume of all water is about 1400 million km3, but only 2% is fresh water. The current rate of withdrawal is about 3500 km3/year, some 2100km3 for consumptive use, while 1400 km3 of wastewater is returned to rivers. Groundwat
7、er withdrawals (percent by sectors) are: domestic, industry and agriculture (Shiklomanov 1991). Margat (1991) stressed the need to improve water evaluation studies and quantified 2 the amount of groundwater pumpage use in various countries. His list places the first fifteen countries as follows (in
8、km3 per year): India 150, USA 101, China 74.6,USSR (former) 45, Pakistan 45, Iran 29, Mexico 23, Japan 13.1, Italy 12.1, Germany 9.5, Saudi Arabia 7.4, France 7, Spain 6.3, Turkey 5 and Madagascar 4.9. The main threat to groundwater today is from point and diffuse source pollution. Therefore groundw
9、ater quality protection is the key issue of groundwater resources policy in the industrialized countries. There are many sources of risk to groundwater, as discussed in the seminar on groundwater for the EU countries. RIVM and RIZA (1991) summarize the problems and threats to ground water resources.
10、 The current practices in all the EU countries lead to a non-sustainable use of groundwater systems. The dramatic Dublin Statement emphasizes the unsustainable use of groundwater: “Human health and welfare, food security, industrial development and the ecosystems on which they depend, are all at ris
11、k, unless water and land resources are managed more effectively in the present decade and beyond than they have been in the past”. Groundwater resources exploitation and sustainable development What does sustainable development mean? In fact, we are asking if we are using wisely the resources needed
12、 for our life-support system. The general conclusion of the seminar of ministers of the Environment of the EU countries , was that in many countries sustainable use of groundwater for drinking and other (industrial, ecological, etc.) functions is being threatened, especially in the agricultural and
13、industrial core regions of the EU. Sustainable development must satisfy present needs without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy theirs. Overexploitation may take place during a period to allow better use of other resources, or while other technologies develop. Uncontrolled aq
14、uifer development easily leads to extensive aquifer exploitation and even to severe forms of overexploitation. Aquifer exploitation and sustainable development Margat (1993) speaks of Malthusian under exploitation in the case of inadequate use of an aquifer. In the opinion of Custodio (1993), “inten
15、sive aquifer exploitation is a source of wealth, which fosters regional development and helps to guarantee a supply until other water sources can be economically developed”. Groundwater overexploitation has a series of negative consequences, such as increasing water cost, environmental changes (affe
16、cts on wetlands, salinity problems, etc), reduction of other water sources already in use, water salinization and impairment of quality. The net result, however, may be either negative or positive. Positive results dominate at a regional level, but negative results are “news that trigger alarm bells
17、 and Malthusian forecstsm under the heading of overexploitation” (Custodio 1993). On the other hand, intensive exploitation or overdraft are mainly points of view, referring to the consequences of intensive groundwater use, as perceived by environmentalists, the news media and the public in general,
18、 and place 3 emphasis on the adverse or detrimental aspects. Therefore, in order to evaluate groundwater exploitation, not only negative effects but also positive ones have to be considered: “otherwise a biased appraisal may be reached. Normally, practice shows us that beneficial aspects dominate ov
19、er detrimental ones in most practical situations” (Custodio 1993). According to this last author, the most serious cause of aquifer exploitation is ignorance of what is happening, and negligence in producing the data needed to evaluate the hydrogeological and economic situation correctly. Another ha
20、rmful effect is the irresponsible overreaction of water authorities, especially when they are poorly informed or lack the scientific and technical skills to evaluate current problems correctly. The most important action is to solve problems as they appear and not waste time and energy in defining te
21、rms. Any exploitation of water resources that is not managed in an integrated way, taking into account the needs of the present and future generations, puts these resources at risk. Such development therefore is not sustainable. Regulatory issues related to aquifer overexploitation Aquifer overexplo
22、itation The introduction lists several recent conferences which have highlighted overexploitation of aquifers. Within the conference proceedings, there is no single agreed definition of overexploitation. Spanish Legislation (Royal Decree 849/1986) defines it in article 171.2 in the following terms:
23、“An aquifer shall be considered to be overexploited, or in danger thereof, if the reserves existing therein are being placed in immediate danger as a result of annual withdrawals that are in excess of, or very close to, the volume of the average annual recharge (renewable resource) or which give ris
24、e to serious deterioration in the quality of the water”. According to Dijon and Custodio (1992), exceeding the limits of a renewable resource is not necessarily overexploitation. Conversely, staying within the limits of the same does not necessarily imply that all undesirable effects are being avoid
25、ed and the beneficial effects enhanced. Llamas (1992) suggests either the elimination or a very restricted use of the term. In brief, he defines overexploitation “sensu stricto” as all extraction of groundwater which has effects (physical, chemical, economic, ecological or social) which are negative
26、 for human life, now or in the future. This type of overexploitation should be avoided for moral reasons. For exploitation based on the extraction of water greater than the average recharge of the aquifer he suggests the term “overexploitation sensu lato”. In the papers presented at the 23rd Interna
27、tional Congress of IAH, it was stated that in many cases, overexploitation is synonymous with in efficient exploitation of an aquifer (Villarroya 1994； Villarroya and Rebollo 1993). During this congress numerous examples of “excessive exploitation” (Custodio 1991) from all over the world were presented, and a summary can be found in Dijon and Custodio (1992). How can a lack of water resources affect land-use planning?
