1、 中文 2625 字 外文翻译 原文 A Cluster Approach towards Enhancing Chinese-American Trade Opportunities Material Source: International Journal of Business and Management Author: William J. Lawrence and Weidong Sun Abstract For some time now, China has relied heavily on industrial clusters to create an internat
2、ional competitive edge. While the program has been largely successful, China has increasingly had to cope with severe accusations from its trading partners who claim a policy of dumping and selling low quality products with flaws, and hazardous outcomes. Claims are also made that China has not been
3、as mindful of its resource utilization, environment impact, and overall economic efficiency as it should be. The thrust of this paper recognizes that opportunities exist for both the US and China to use this period as one of enhanced communication and cooperative ventures and planning initiatives. I
4、t is a hypothesis that cluster analysis offers a major vehicle that shows how all nations can begin to meet the needs of their people and do it in an environmentally and economically responsible manner. Keywords: Industrial cluster, Smooth trade, The US-China 1. An Overview of Industrial Clusters in
5、 China China has created a fairly sophisticated system of industrial clusters in many areas centered principally on their natural market share within domestic as well as global markets. This policy is most evident in the eastern and southern coastline regions, for example, Zhejiang province, which i
6、s in the southeast of China. Zhejiang Province has more than 500 villages and towns, many of which have formed their own unique cluster. The total output of these villages and towns accounts for roughly half of the provinces industry product. The cluster phenomena consisting of a variety of industri
7、es has been created in Guangdong province as well. It has an estimated 60 towns out of all 240 towns in Guangdong that have formed a rather large scale of clusters primarily within traditional industry fields. Moreover, the southern areas of Jiangsu province have formed several IT industry clusters,
8、 Jingjin county has formed shoe industry clusters, Shouguang county has formed a vegetable industry cluster, Qinhou county has formed a wool industry cluster and Zhongguan village has also formed an IT industry cluster. However, with time many management problems in the industrial clusters began to
9、emerge, often resulting from the low management skills of entrepreneurs, out date of technology or increasing labor cost. In addition, a growing low commitment of working hard, effective mutual cooperation, to mention only a few, began to further exacerbate the problems. Perhaps this phenomenon can
10、be categorized as management deficiencies suffering from excessive growth. It is however, time for clustered firms to upgrade their management level and for the clustering process to move from the low industrial levels to the relatively higher one. 2. Reasons behind the Growth of a Cluster Approach
11、towards Industrial Development and Trade Professor David L. Barkley and Professor Mark S. Henry in a 2001 paper concluded that there were basically four important advantages underlying industrial clusters including: a) strengthening localization economies, b) facilitating industrial reorganization,
12、c) encouraging networking among enterprises d) permitting greater focusing of public resources. Their analysis shows the benefits from the cluster from the angle of the macroeconomic perspective. There exists one other intrinsic strength that provides an incentive for an individual enterprise to joi
13、n an industrial cluster. We have chosen to use a hypothesized case to make our point. Assume that there are two separate and distinct retail merchants who are each selling cool drinking water along a linear beach. Let us further assume that； a) the merchandise they sell is of the same quality and so
14、ld at the same price； b) consumers are scattered evenly along the beach； c) customers are time and convenient oriented and always prefer to buy cool drinking water from a nearby stall； d) Our two merchants have an exclusive agreement prohibiting any other competitors entering this market. In order t
15、o describe our model conveniently, we define that the beach length is 1, the left point being 0 and the right point being 1. According to geographic optimization, merchant one would locate his stall at 1/4 and merchant 2 would locate at 3/4 because doing so would minimize overall consumer convenienc
16、e giving each merchant equal access to their respective market share. Although such an arrangement seems fair and reasonable, the reality itself is nevertheless not so simple. Both merchants do the same business, creating an unavoidable competition between them. Absent an agreement to the contrary,
17、each merchant would have an incentive to relocate his stall a little further down the beach towards the territory of the others. He would do so in hopes of winning some consumers from the other. The other merchant might also consider taking a similar action towards the competitors territory. Therefo
18、re, the interesting competitive forces provided a natural incentive such that both merchants will gradually move their stalls toward each other until they each arrive at the middle point of the beach. A clustering agreement however, would have both merchants agree to an overall location pattern, bet
19、ter designed to serves the customers and their time. 3. The Impact of Chinas Industrial Cluster Policies on US/China Trade Commencing with Chinas 2001 accession into the WTO the growth in Chinas exports has increased annually, going from 20.1% in 2001 to 40% of its economy in 2008. The trend strongl
20、y reflects the overall dependence of Chinas economy on its export trade which further ties Chinese growth to that of its trading partners. Besides, the high export volume also tends to cause main trading partners trade deficit. At present, trade imbalance between US and China is a top concern in US-
21、China relation. Statistics provided by the American Chamber of Commerce indicates that between 2001and 2008, the US trade deficit with China increased from $83.10 to $268.04 billion (excluding service trade), accounting for 28.8 of the US total trade deficit. Asking China to take measures to increas
22、e inputs from America and decrease trade surplus to the US has become a strong argument from American authorities. Strong concerns continue to exist on the part of all trading nations that Chinas increasing demand of oil and other energy resources may cause harm to the international economic order.
23、Furthermore, the US worries that Chinas huge exports may further erode US job losses, a growing concern throughout American labor markets. It has been estimated that approximately 70%-80% of Chinas exports come from Chinas current industrial clusters. Therefore, if we want to solve Chinas foreign trade problems and overall balance of trade, we must pay close attention to industrial clusters and find ways to better distribute this output within Chinas borders as well as with its trading partners. 4. Industrial Clusters and the Balance of Trade Issue
