1、 中文 3980 字 毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题 目 户 外 炊 具 设 计 专 业 工 业 设 计 2012 年 Cooking Meals With the Sun for Fuel Preface： Millions of people around the world cook their food over a smoky fire every day. It is often difficult to find wood for the fire. People who do not have wood must spend large amounts of money on
2、cooking fuel. However, there is a much easier way to cook food using energy from the sun. Solar cookers, or ovens, have been used for centuries. A Swiss scientist made the first solar oven in seventeen sixty-seven. Today, people are using solar cookers in many countries around the world. People use
3、solar ovens to cook food and to heat drinking water to kill bacteria and other harmful organisms. Keyword： solar history classification health and safety Text Chapter 1 History of solar cooking An odd antecedent of the current solar cooking movement is the story of what Buti and Perlin call the burn
4、ing mirror . Greeks, Romans, and Chinese all explored the use of curved mirrors, which they found could concentrate the suns rays in manner that would cause nearly any object to explode in flames. Interestingly, the use they perceived for this device was military - could they focus the burning mirro
5、r, as example, on an enemy warship? Burning mirrors were also used for less venal purposes, such as lighting altar fires and torches for sacrificial parades, but almost no other applied use was found. The idea, now seen in concentrating solar cookers, is in use in many parts of the world today. The
6、principle of the greenhouse, the so-called solar heat trap, was further utilized in what is thought of as the very first attempt to use solar energy to cook. Many scientists of the era, and laypersons as well, knew about the use of glass to trap heat, but Horace de Saussure, a French-Swiss scientist
7、, wondered why that commonly understood phenomenon had not led to additional applied use. In 1767, he built a miniature greenhouse with five glass boxes* one inside the other, set on a black tabletop. Fruit placed in the innermost box cooked nicely - and a new technology was born . De Saussure conti
8、nued his experimentation, using other materials, adding insulation, cooking at different altitudes, etc. This European scientist, exploring solar energy nearly 250 years ago, is widely considered to be the father of todays solar cooking movement. Others followed his lead, including the Briton, Sir J
9、ohn Herschel, and American Samuel Pierpont Langley, later head of the Smithsonian, both of whom conducted experiments with the hot box, the forerunner of todays box cooker, probably still the most common design in use. A French mathematician named Augustin Mouchot, working almost a century later, wa
10、s eager to ensure that the learning of the past not be lost. He was more interested in practical application than in the number of interesting but not very useful solar devices which were appearing, using the newly discovered potential of the sun (whistles, water movers, talking statues, etc.). He b
11、egan a search to use the suns energy efficiently enough to boil water for steam engines, a venture that was not successful. His second project was more successful； he combined the heat trap idea with that of the burning mirror, creating an efficient solar oven from an insulated box, which when furth
12、er modified by adding reflecting mirrors, even became a solar still. Eventually, he did create an effective steam engine, but it was too large to be practical； he turned back then to the cooking challenge and developed a number of solar ovens, stills, pumps, and even electricity. Late in the 19th ce
13、ntury, other pioneers in the development of solar thermal (heat generating) technologies include Aubrey Eneas, an American who followed up on the work of Mouchot and formed the first solar power company, building a giant parabolic reflector in the southwest USA. Frank Shuman formed the Sun Power Com
14、pany in Cairo to promote a solar driven water pumping system, and later a parabolic concentrator generating electricity. Other solar innovations have followed: motors and engines, hot water heaters, photovoltaic lighting, even crematoria. But throughout history, as in Greece and Rome and the Mouchot
15、 story, progress has repeatedly been interrupted by fluctuations in availability or cost of alternative fuels for all the above purposes. More recently, Amory Lovins, writing in a Forward to the Buti and Perlin book, reminds us that today . we speak of producing oil as if it were made in a factory；
16、but only God produces oil, and all we know is how to mine it and burn it up. Neglecting the interests of future generations who are not here to bid on this oil, we have been squandering in the last few decades a patrimony of hundreds of millions of years. We must turn back to the sun and seek elegan
17、t ways to live within the renewable energy income that it bestows on us . He goes on to advise that countless earlier cultures have experienced dwindling fuel resources and then were forced to rediscover earlier knowledge about practical solar energy, bemoaning the absurdity of having to rediscover and reinvent what should have been practiced continuously.
