1、中文 2890 字 本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文： The future of Flemish social housing 1 .Abstract Belgian social housing has a history of more than 100 years.Since 1980 housing policy belongs to the responsibilities of the regions.In this article， we look at social housing in Flanders， the largest of the three Belg
2、ian regions. Compared to many European countries， the share of social housing in the housing stock(5.6%) in Flanders is limited.Social housing is supplied mainly by private organizations， which work within a rather tight regulatory system.Investments are largely subsidised by the Flemish government.
3、The social housing supply is mainly targeted towards lower income households， which pay income-dependent rents. This article starts with a description of different definitions and models of social housing and the way the Flemish social housing sector is characterized until now Next a brief historica
4、l overview of social housing policy in Belgium and Flanders is given，the current debate on social housing in Flanders is briefly described and recent figures on the profile of Flemish social housing are presented.In a next section the Flemish social rented sector is positioned in the international c
5、ontext.The article ends with a discussion of policy options.This contribution is largely based on a research carried out for the Flemish government first half of 2005.The reason behind the study was the intention of the Minister of Housing to reform the regulatory framework of Flemish social housing
6、.The researchers were asked to advise the Minister concerning demarcation of the target group， the allocation system， rent setting and the degree of local autonomy regarding rent setting and allocation.Complete results of the study are available in Winters et al.(2007). 2.Models of social housing Th
7、e termsocial housingcovers a wide range of initiatives within Europe，aimed at good quality， affordable housing.Much has been written in the literature about the need and definition of social housing.Maclennan and More (1997) claim that social housing is needed when the socially desired needs for hou
8、sing exceed the effectively desired demand for housing.In general， it is agreed that this means affordable housing for vulnerable groups.A further search of the literature produces various definitions of social housing (see， for example， Oxley 2000).What is noticeable is that views are far from unan
9、imous.Thus， for example， social housing can refer to both renting and purchasing. The unchangeable reality of the city-state are nevertheless its land limitations of only 700 square kilometres, as a result of which the public housings high-density and high-rise form is likely to be retained. Yet, th
10、is form is sustainable given its inherent popularity and established familiarity.The owner of those homes can be a public or private owner and can be looking to make a profit in his business management， or not.Moreover， the affordability of housing can be arranged by supply subsidies as well as dema
11、nd subsidies.In the remainder of this article we hold the following definition:all rental dwellings allocated by need and not by market mechanisms. Social housing has different shapes in different countries； social housing as a universalistic and a safety net model are distinguished for example.With
12、in the universalistic model a difference can be made between social housing as for employees and housing for all (Czischke 2005； Whitehead 2007).Ghekiere (2007) provides a typology for social housing in Europe.He distinguishes three concept.The first is the residual concept striving to cope with a c
13、learly outlined social demand that is restricted to the most disadvantaged persons who are generally excluded from a housing market characterized by a strong predominance of home owner occupation and a non regulated private rental market.The second is the generalist concept. Globalisation has furthe
14、r affected the sentiments of governments towards the global market and induced them to modernise their institutional arrangements in order to be able to compete in the global economic environment. This implies targeting a social demand but to a larger extent of public intervention， this concept has
15、an impact on the housing supply namely in terms of price and quality.The last concept is the universal one.This concept is intended to guarantee the housing supply for the entire population with both a complementary offer to what the market provides and the regulation of the entire housing market. 3
16、.The Flemish Social Rented Sector In an International Perspective How does the Flemish social rental sector compare to social renting in other countries?This section describes Flanders in an international perspective by comparing it with five other countries； some of them with small social rental se
17、ctors (Ireland， Spain and Germany)， others with larger sector (UK and Netherlands) (see Winters et al.2007).The aim is to describe different features of the social rental sector in these countries， searching for the differences and signs of dual and unitary models. In the Netherlands and the UK， the
18、 social rented sector occupies a larger market share， i.e.35% and 20% of the housing stock， as shown in Table 1.In both countries，we see a trend towards a decline in social rented dwellings owned by the government.In the Netherlands， the municipal housing companies have virtually disappeared and， in
19、 the UK， the number of RSLs (registered social landlords) is gradually increasing.These currently manage 6% of the UK housing stock.One difference between the UK and the Netherlands is that the social rented sector fulfils a safety net function in the former case and， in the latter， it is accessible
20、 to many target groups. In Spain， Germany and Ireland， as in Flanders， the social rented sector is modest in scope， varying between 3% and 9%.However， major differences exist between the social rented sectors in these countries.In Germany and Spain， a dynamic social rented sector exists， which is ma
21、naged by private landlords.Dwellings are built with a subsidy and kept affordable for a certain period and they are also the subject of dwelling allocation rules.At the end of this period， these dwellings are free.In Ireland，the social rented sector fulfils the function of a social safety net and the sector is owned by local authorities.The social rented sector in the Netherlands has an unclear
