1、中文 5615 字 出处： J Driesen, F Katiraei. A review on distributed energy resources and MicroGridJ. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008, 12(9): 2472-2483 附录 1：外文资料翻译 原文： A review on distributed energy resources and MicroGrid 1. Introduction Due to the technology development and environment prot
2、ection, some distributed energy resources (DER), such as internal combustion (IC) engines, gas turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells and wind-power 1, have emerged within the distribution system. However, application of individual distributed generators can cause as many problems as it m
3、ay solve. A better way to realize the emerging potential of distributed generation and associated loads is a subsystem called MicroGrid (MG). In 2, the MG concept assumes a cluster of loads and MicroSources (MS) operating as a single controllable system that provides both power and heat to its local
4、 area. Refs. 2,3 introduce the benefits of MG, such as, enhance local reliability, reduce feeder losses, support local voltages, provide increased efficiency through using waste heat combined heat and power (CHP), voltage sag correction or provide uninterruptible power supply functions. The MG is in
5、tended to operate in the following two different operating conditions: normal interconnected mode and emergency mode (islanded mode) 4. MostDERs that can be installed in an MG are not suitable for direct connection to the electrical network due to the characteristics of the energy produced. Therefor
6、e, power electronic interfaces (dc/ac or ac/dc/ac) are required. Inverter control is thus the main concern in MG operation.The MG is centrally controlled and managed by a MG central controller (MGCC) installed at the medium voltage/low voltage (MV/LV) substation. The MGCC includes several key functi
7、ons, such as economic managing functions and control functionalities,and is the head of the hierarchical control systems 4. The aim of this paper is to review the researches and studies on MG technology. In Section 2, it will introduce some current situations about MG, especially in Europe and Japan
8、. In Section 3, MG architecture is described, including MS, storage devices, and inverters. In Section 4, two approaches in the MG emergency operation is discussed in details. Also the fault detection and safely analysis is included in this section. Last section introduces the MG in the market envir
9、onment. Multi-agent system (MAS) is proposed to be the main technique in this section. 2. Current situations about MG MICROGRIDSproject is part of the European Research Project ClusterIntegrationof RES+DG (distributed generation)projects. It will investigate, develop and demonstrate the operation, c
10、ontrol, protection, safety and telecommunication infrastructureof MG and will determine and quantify their economic benefits. This project aims atthe increase of penetration of micro-generation in electrical networks through theexploitation and extension of the MG concept, involving the investigatio
11、n of alternativemicrogenerator control strategies and alternative network designs, development of newtools for multi-MG management operation and standardization of technical andcommercial protocols. More information can be obtained from 5. Amorim et al. 6 presents a brief characterization, to a Port
12、uguese LV grid, developed in MICROGRIDS project. This project is being developed in Frielas, which is a residential zone, supplied by a LV feeder from a public distribution power station of 200kVA. The paper focuses some improvements in terms of efficiency and reliability. It gives several conclusio
13、ns. The control and protection hardware must be upgraded to allow the supplying of the customers in island mode； the transition from grid-connected mode to island mode should be analyzed carefully in order to prevent voltage disturbances in the MG； the MG black-start is other important challenge. So
14、me tests have demonstrated the incapacity of the microturbine to support the transient peak demand of a typical distribution MV/LV transformer during its initial magnetization. In Japan, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization(NEDO) started three research projects, which de
15、al with new energy integration to local power system field test in 2004 7. The sites are in Aomori, Aichi and Kyoto. In Aomori project, field tests were started to develop a distributed energy supply system, in which some loads in special districts are supplied by this supply system with private pow
16、er lines and makes no influence to utility power system with which the energy supply system is connected at one point. In Aichi project, fuel cells are used as main generations. Besides the ordinary ac-grid (alternating current) system, 8 proposes a dc-grid (directcurrent) system having distribution
17、 power generators. It has designed and constructed an experimental system based on a 10 kWdc having a solar-cell generator unit, a wind turbine generator unit, an electric power storage unit, power-leveling unit, and an ac-grid connected inverter unit. Experiment results show that there are no circu
18、lating current flows among the units. An appropriate amount of the generated power is cooperatively allotted to both the ac grid inverter unit and the storage unit with output impedance characteristics. 3. MG architecture In a basic MG architecture (Fig. 1), the electrical system is assumed to be ra
19、dial withseveral feeders and a collection of loads. The radial system is connected to the distributionsystem through a separation device, usually a static switch, called point of commoncoupling (PCC). Each feeder has circuit breaker and power flow controller.Developed within the EU R&D MG project, t
20、he MG concept adopted in this researchinvolves an operational architecture (Fig. 2). It comprises an LV network, loads (some ofthem interruptible), both controllable and non-controllable MS, storage devices, and ahierarchical-type management and control scheme supported by a communicationinfrastruct
21、ure used to monitor and control MS and loads. The head of the hierarchical control system is the MGCC. At a second hierarchical control level, load controllers (LC) and microsource controller (MC) exchange information with the MGCC that manages MG operation by providing set-points to bothLC and MC.
22、The amount of data to be exchanged between network controllers is small, since it includes mainly messages containing set-points to LC and MC, information requests sent by the MGCC to LC and MC about active and reactive powers, and voltage levels and messages to control MG switches. Fig. 1. Basic MG architecture. Fig. 2. MG architecture with MGCC. 3.1. MicroSources
