1、中文 1917 字 本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文 ： Policy approaches to residential segregation of immigrants in Helsinki Mixing policies have constituted an important part of urban planning in Helsinki since the 1970s. Planners and housing officials have strived to create and sustain spatially balanced urban develo
2、pment through policies of tenure and social mixing. The rationale for mixing policies is rooted in the national ethos of egalitarian welfare politics. A socially and spatially balanced city structure has been perceived as a basis for a just and equal society, and housing policies, including housing
3、allowances as well as the production and allocation of affordable, decent-standard dwellings, are perceived as one of the means to pursue it. Tenure mix, in particular, is thought to have positive social and economic outcomes for the entire city . The main goal of mixing has been to prevent the accu
4、mulation of social problems in any given district. In Helsinki, tenure mix has been implemented by enforcing area-based tenure quotas for the production of new dwellings. Mixing of tenure types has taken place mainly at the neigh level, but also within blocks and housing estates. Urban renewal progr
5、am have also been used to diversify a homogeneous housing stock in some older residential districts. In addition, mixing policies have been implemented through practices of social mixing in council housing allocation. Low-income households are dispersed among the better-off when council dwellings ar
6、e allocated. Those with the most urgent need for housing are given first priority. However, the principle is sometimes breached in order to prevent residential segregation. For instance, according to the housing policy memorandum for the years 20042008: On the other hand, attempts to generate social
7、 mixing do not override peoples own freedom to choose where they want to live. Since the mid-1990s, council housing applicants have been able to specify the areas in which they wish to live, which means that council dwellings in other districts are not offered to them. In addition, applicants reques
8、ts for certain facilities Immigrants housing issues were incorporated into existing mixing policies in Helsinki at the beginning of the 1990s. Residential segregation of immigrants was identified as a matter of concern by a working group that was set up to draft an immigrant policy proposal for the
9、city council in 1991. Members of the working group listed housing as one of the basic communal services and suggested that preventing ethnic residential segregation was to be included as one of the objectives of the immigrant policy. According to their proposal: Helsinki housing prices relative to t
10、he income of local people is very cheap. The general urban apartment prices per square meter in 2000 to 3000. Specifically stated, people used to calculate the total price of the housing area is the usable area of real hand, there is no floor area concept, nor will the corridor, elevator, all sharin
11、g space inside the property. Buyers are usually young people. The total area of the house naturally not large, small, more than forty square meters, large eighty or ninety meters, many do not have balcony. For the outsider, this is not one to pay money they can not Although not expressed explicitly,
12、 it appears that residential segregation is thought to hinder immigrants integration into Finnish society and increase their risk of wealth. Potential segregation would also pose a challenge to the prevailing egalitarian ethos of a socially and spatially just society. Positive impacts of ethnic clus
13、tering, such as mutual support generated by living close to each other, are not considered in the 1991 policy proposal. However, it may well be that these kinds of positive aspects have influenced the working groups reasoning and raised assumptions about the immigrants tendency to self-segregate. As
14、 Hiebert have noted, such benefits of clustering are often used to give reasons for the purported voluntary segregation of ethnic minorities. Highway around, most are blocks. If their relatively large mobility. And income is not high. As rent in the suburbs are more able to take. Finland is a high w
15、elfare state, but also sparsely populated, even if the income is not high, get hold of decent housing is also not difficult. The fact is people live outside the district for the living conditions are very good, and taste all the municipal facilities, the government has regularly sent to clean up the
16、 house to some people, taking a bath (for example, drinking alcohol into the semi-disabled people) but room a bit smaller, the density too big, some geographical differences According to the memorandum, immigrants cultural background and their wishes to live close to relatives or members of their ow
17、n ethnic group are respected when council dwellings grow. This change of tone is in line with the general changes in council housing allocation at the time: since the mid-1990s all council housing applicants have been able to specify which they wish to live in. The housing memorandums of Helsinki ov
18、erlook immigrants housing issues almost completely. Housing quotas, earmarked for refugees and Finns, are accounted for but the causes and consequences of ethnic residential segregation are not explicitly discussed The two housing policy memorandums for the years 19982002 and 20012005 form the only
19、exception. Herein, spatial dispersal of immigrants is to be promoted, as it is feared that segregation could trigger local conflicts, increase racism and hinder immigrants integration into the host society. Nevertheless, positive notions of clustering are also brought up. Spatial concentrations are
20、acknowledged to strengthen immigrantsfeelings of belonging, support community-formation and thereby provide a basis for a successful integration Management Centre of Finland, said the financial crisis, housing prices began to decline in Finland, Finland, President Ma Lila real estate brokerage firm,
21、 said in Helsinki, Finland has become the biggest housing price decline in the area. Helsinki in September 2008 prices decreased an average reduction of 5-10%, and the duplex structure and the larger of which housing prices decreased significantly, down 18%, since March has been the average price pe
22、r square meter fell about 900 . Reduced prices for most of these migrants is also a good opportunity to buy a house According to Phillips .residential segregation is not socially problematic per se, but it has negative consequences when linked with deprivation. On the basis of our analysis, it seems
23、 that it is precisely these kinds of consequences, wealth of vulnerable ethnic minorities, That Helsinki officials have been most afraid of. Combating residential segregation of immigrants, namely refugees and other low-income immigrants, has therefore been highly emphasized, even if positive aspect
24、s of clustering are also acknowledged. Although, Helsinkis mixing policies have been fairly explicit in their goal, they have not specified what level of concentration is too much, or how the ambitious goals of spatial dispersal should be carried out on a grass-root level. When policies lack clear i
25、nstructions on practical implementation, much room is left for individual decisions and interpretation of housing . In such situations assumptions and reasoning behind the practices of council housing allocation become particularly crucial. In Helsinki, decisions on council housing allocation are ba
26、sed on a case-specific reasoning. When vacancies appear, housing officials choose new residents on the basis of housing applicants own requests and the resident composition of a building. If the building in question houses many immigrants already, and especially if there are several large families,
27、officials try to direct prospective immigrant households into other buildings and choose another applicant instead. The logic behind the decisions is described well by two interviewees who refer to a notion of common sense: The government sector particularly of teachers, police and nurses in these l
28、ow-income middle class families and some have applied for government subsidies of foreign workers. The income of these families is often higher than the standard application for rental subsidies, but also on the free market economy can not afford the family-type housing. Most representative of the t
29、aka Surrey, nearly one-third of housing is social housing, the affordable rental housing by the city government and all other non-profit organizations. Another one-third of those affected by price regulation, the housing can be freely traded or only residence housing. The remaining one-third of priv
30、ate capital investment in the construction of housing, prices fully liberalized. three one-third model, in general, a bit like Chinas low-rent housing, affordable housing, and housing, but the proportion of the division to determine, especially in real estate only one-third of China, it is worth considering. Source: J Hous and the Built Environ (2009) 24:423-439
