1、中文 3860 字 毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 外文题目 ： New Science, Technology and Innovation Developments In India 出 处 ： Supporting Science & Technology Polices 作 者 ： PIKAY RICHARDSON 原文 : Abstract This paper reviews the science and technology policies of India and how these have fashioned Indias technology capability ove
2、r the years. It shows that while India has achieved enormous strides in the area of science, technology and innovation, inappropriate policies in the past have hampered the development of an effective national innovation system. The paper concludes by drawing lessons for the development of an EU-wid
3、e science and technology policy 2. Trends in STI Developments in India 2.2 Trends in Indias Science and Technology Policy It has long been recognized that investment in science and technology makes substantial contribution to economic growth in terms of higher growth rates of an economys total facto
4、r productivity (Abramovitz, 1956, Denison 1962 and Solow, 1957, among others). In addition to direct returns, huge (positive) externalities have also been found to be associated with it (Abramovitz, 1989). Taking cognisance of the importance of technologys role in development, advanced countries nur
5、ture continuing development of science and technology and most developing countries adopt R&D policies in the early phases of their development. Science and Technology policy constitutes an integral part of a nations overall industrial policy (Barber and White, 1987). While the former shapes the pac
6、e and direction of technology development, the latter determines the nature of demand. This section reviews the evolution of Science and Technology policy in India since independence。 Science and Technology policy of any nation is carved within the background of overall industrial policy. If anythin
7、g, S&T policy is supposed not only to give meaning to, but more importantly, to ensure achievement of the goals of industrial policy. It is therefore the thrust and direction of industrial policy that determines the tenets of any S&T policy, although it must be said that R&D may lead to results that
8、 may also change the course of industrial policy. Even so, S&T policy has almost always been driven by the goals of industrial development policy. This section therefore describes the development strategy adopted by the government in the various phases of development and analyses the accompanying S&
9、T policy. Two strands of S&T policy have existed policies related to technology transfer from abroad through formal modes such as FDI, technology licensing and capital goods imports and domestic technology generation policies. Having realized that the pursuit of autarkic economic policies in much of
10、 the post-independence period to 1990 was a mistake, India undertook sweeping reforms as a way of speeding economic growth and achieving faster integration into the world economy. Part of these reforms has been the re-enactment of a science and technology policy more suited to the achievement of the
11、 goals of building a prosperous nation. 3. Response to/Impact of Reforms 3.2.2 Global R&D Centers Hirwani and Jain (1999) have shown that although market-oriented activities were more important to MNEs in most of the 1990s, technology oriented activities are growing in importance. Hitherto, MNEs had
12、 been emphasizing a strategy of customizing products for the Indian market and of obtaining cost-efficient manufacturing facilities in India. Increasingly, however, there has been a clear move towards obtaining access to high quality scientists, engineers and designers in India. Some R&D centers set
13、 up in India by some MNEs conduct contract research for the corporate laboratories outside India. Prior to 1991, the establishment of such R&D centers by MNEs was consciously lacking. Since India signed the GATT Agreement in 1993 and subsequently passed the Intellectual Property law in 1994, over 60
14、 MNEs have set up R&D centers in technology intensive industries, mostly to take advantage of the strong pool of highly-trained engineers and scientists. Before 1991, there were only two such centers in the country. Apart from the setting up of new centers in India to take advantage of the liberaliz
15、ed atmosphere, the raison dtre and mode of operation of existing centers have also been changing by the new market environment. Some companies have completely restructured their R&D centers in India, shifting the focus from developing products for Indian markets to making them centers of global exce
16、llence. Others have expanded their. operations and hired many Indian scientists and technologists. This is more evident in the areas of information and computer technology. Such centers conduct R&D for worldwide operations. The availability of high quality labor has been a motivating factor in the e
17、stablishment of centers by companies such as Astra, Unilever, GE and Software Development Centers of Texas Instruments, Oracle, Microsoft and others. Substantial R&D presence has also been established in the areas of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. 3.4 Commercial Orientation of Public Research Or
18、ganizations India has a strong industrial research infrastructure, which was fostered in the early stages of its post-independence growth. While the supply-side was generously supported, the industrial research system, prior to liberalization, was mostly geared to import substitution (Bowonder and R
19、ichardson, 2000). The publicly funded Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and other bodies tended to be isolated entities with little or no links to industry. In such a protected environment, there was no need to benchmark their activities to those of global players. Also their acti
20、vities were only marginally focused on commercialization. The last decade has seen many of these laboratories become more commercially oriented. They have been directing their efforts towards international quality R&D. Two recent major policy thrusts have been (a) an increase in the quest for patenting in Europe and the USA, as a means of
