1、中文 3450 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译原文 外文题目 ： Effects of World Demand and Competitiveness on Exports and Economic Growth 出 处： Growth and Change (Vol.25,Winter 1994,pp.3-24) 作 者： JESSIE POON 原 文： Effects of World Demand and Competitiveness on Exports and Economic Growth Introduction The role of exports in economic g
2、rowth has been much debated since the 1950s. Two viewpoints characterize the development literature on the relationship between exports and economic growth. The first considers that economic growth is a consequence of favorable internal and supply-related factors. Exports promote growth because they
3、 stimulate the efficient use of these factors for economic production and enable a country or region to remain competitme (Bhagwati 1988； Kravis 1973； Riedel 1987). In the second viewpoint, the success of export-led growth is said to rest on a favorable trade environment which depends on the economi
4、c prosperity of core regions. This demand-oriented viewpoint suggests that exports are not expected to expand faster than the demand for them by core regions (e.g. Lewis 1980； Nurkse 1961； Prebisch 1962). The difference between the two viewpoints lies in the weight given to the mechanisms determinin
5、g the link exports and economic growth. One outcome of the polarization of the literature is that regions trying to develop are confronted with development models which often assume dualistic forms. For example inward versus outward trade orientation, or, export versus import substitution strategies
6、. Broadly, these dualisms are circum- scribed in what has come to be known as the export optimism-export pessi- mism debate(Bhagwati 1988). The need to collapse the export optimism-export pessimism dualism for a more integrative perspective has been raised by Streeten (1982). Increasingly too, the l
7、iterature suggests that a mix of both perspectives merits a closer look (e.g. Gereffi 1989). This paper examines the relationship between export growth and economic growth within an integrative framework. It argues that developing countries (abbreviated to LDCs) are rather differentiated in their ec
8、onomic structures so that the relationship between exports and economic growth is likely to vary. Thus, it is unlikely that the above relationship may be fully explained by one viewpoint. Two variables, world demand and competitiveness, capturing demand-oriented as well supply-oriented explanations
9、of the mechanisms linking export growth to income growth are first established. The two variables are then incorporated into an exports-growth model, and, their effects on the aforemen- tinned relationship investigated. The primary units of analysis are developing countries, although the study is al
10、so relevant to regional development. Particularly when developing countries may be conceived as regional units, except that many of the decisions governing economic growth in the former are made at the national level. The paper is organized as follows: the next section documents the theoritical and
11、empirical underpinnings of export optimism as well as export pessimism , and their resulting polarized positions . The model for investigating integration is introduced next, followed by a discussion of the data and results. The paper ends with a summary of the findings and their implications. The E
12、xports-growth Debate The question as to whether economic growth may be rapidly promoted through exports is characterized by two schools of thought: Export optimism. Export optimists consider trade to be an engine of growth and place much confidence in the role of prices to allocate resources efficie
13、ntly. Countries or regions that are able to compete in their exports enhance their economic growth because this increases productivity and specialization, and improves efficiency through better resource allocation. Drawing on the principles of classical comparative advantage as well as vent-for-surp
14、lus and staple theories (see for example Myint 1958； North 1955； 1961), export optimists point to the potential gams that arise as a result of trade. Export optimists explain the link between exports and economic growth in terms of supply factors such as natural resources, entrepreneurship, skilled
15、labor, and institutions. Trade results m economic growth by expanding the supply of labor and capital, while technological advances raise the productivity of the factors of production(Riedel 1987). Outward-looking trade strategies such as export promotion have been popularized on the premise that ex
16、ports lead to rapid economic growth and development. Exports help to overcome a country or regions limited market and provide an outlet for the surplus products that are not consumed domestically. Idle or surplus resources are absorbed into exportables which have the effect of stimulating economic g
17、rowth (Myint 1958). Engaging in export producUOn therefore ensures greater capacity utilization through economies of scale Balassa 1985). It has also been maintained that economies that are oriented towards exports produce a higher level of industrialization (Joint ECLA/UNIDO Industrial Development
18、Division 1986) and generate higher quality products because of the exposure to international consumption patterns. Other compelling arguments include the need by developing countries to earn foreign exchange in order to finance imports for mdustriahzation(Esfahani 1991), as well as the deployment of
19、 abundant labor so that it leads to the growth of employment and wages (Krueger 1988). Export optimists support their position by drawing extensively from econometric studies relating economic growth to some indices of export performance under implicit assumptions of favorable supply conditions. Sev
20、eral of these studies concluded that economic performance is highly correlated to export growth (Balassa 1978； 1985； Dodaro 1993； Emery 1967； Feder 1982； Fosu 1990； Kavoussi 1984； Maizels 1968； Michalopoulos and Jay 1973； Rana 1988； Syron and Walsh 1968； Tyler 1981). The meteoric rise of the Asian newly-industrializing countries (1VICs) has
