1、中文 3736 字 本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： Situation of Chinas solar water heater industry，related national Standards， testing and the Golden Sun certification program 出 处： 重庆大学学报（英文版） 作 者： YAN Jun ， H Druck， H Muller Steinhagen 原 文： Abstract： China is the largest solar water heater producer and market in the world
2、 Despite the fast growth and an installed capacity that accounts for the majority of the global gross， Chinas per capita solar hot water capacity is still very low，implying a huge margin of market potential； and the recognition of the industry in the global market is handicapped by the scattered sca
3、le of production and inconsistent product quality To ensure continued growth of Chinas solar water heating(SWH)industry， Chinese Government has established a series of national SWH standards three national testing centers and a certification program to lay the foundation for the development of the G
4、olden Sun product labeling system China General Certification Center(CGC) developed the Golden Sun product certification and labeling system on a pass/fail basis evaluating with established criteria The system was designed to help manufacturers acclimate to explicit consistent requirements and to id
5、entify and fix the deficiencies in the design and execution of the program itself Timely revision and integration of the national standards arc recommended to accommodate the test procedures and requirements to new technologies and the evolving SWH market Strict implementation of the Golden Sun cert
6、ification and labeling system arc suggested to avail improving the quality control and forging internationally reputable brands of Chinese solar water heating products Keywords： solar water heaters； solar heating； renewable energy resources； national standards； Golden Sun certification program 1、 In
7、troduction Solar water heating(SWH)is a cost-effective， pollution flee technique for heating water With increasing interest in using green energy， solar thermal systems claim more attention In 2006 rooftop solar heat collectors provided hot water to nearly 50 million households worldwide Existing so
8、lar hot water heating capacity increased bv 19 to reach 105 gigawatts-thermal(GWth)globally In 2005， the total area of solar collectors over the world was 125 km2, with an increase of 14 from the year 2004 The corresponding global solar thermal capacity was 88 GWth. China has both the worlds largest
9、 production and market for solar water heaters，with an annual production of 20 km2 in 2006and 97km2cumulative installed capacity of flat plate and a11-Glass vacuum tube collectors at the end of the year production was almost 2 5 times higher than that in 200l(8.2 km2) The production in 2005(over 10
10、GWth) was more than five times higher than Europes(1ess man 2 GWth) Up to April 2007， there were over 3 000 companies that manufactured and distributed solar water heating products in China with all annual output value of 30 billion yuan(RMB)in an industry that employed more than 600 000 people 2 、
11、Solar water heating market in China 2.1 Development The development of Chinas SWH industry Started in the 1980s and the market was initially focused on low-income families in the countryside or in small towns providing low cost hot water for domestic use in places where electricity or fuels were def
12、icient or unavailable The main types of ChinaS solar collectors are the-flat plate the vacuum-tube and the combined storage The vacuum-tube type is the most popular， overtaking the dominant place of the flat plate type that took up about 70 of the market in 1996 and is used mainly in frost free area
13、s in the south The market for vacuum-tube collectors grew very quickly from the year 1999 and it soon took the lead with all 85 share in 2002 The main SWH application is providing domestic hot water about 90 for single households and 10 for schools， hotels， restaurants and industry Sola thermal for
14、domestic water heating is concomitant with natural gas and electricity in cities， and coal and traditional biomass in rural areas Despite its cost advantage， SWH takes up an urban market share far smaller than natural gas boilers and electric water heaters A large market margin awaits exploiting 2.2
15、 Current status and problems Despite the globally leading gross capacity， Chinas installed SWH capacity per capita is very small Countries having a larger per capita installed SWH capacity than China include Cyprus， Israel， Greece， Austria， etc In 2005， China had a market penetration of 6 910 m2 per
16、 100 000 population More than 10 times smaller than Cyprus implying a huge market potential If 25 of the households in China use solar water heaters the industry is estimated to have a potential market of 270 km2 Given this potential and based on scenarios for continued aggressive expansion of the S
17、WH market the National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC)has established targets for cumulative installed solar water heating capacities of 150 km2 by 2010 and 300 km2 by 2020 To achieve these targets， the continued strong growth of the market in China must address several issues Firstly 1ess t
18、han a hundred out of over 3 000 solar-water-heater manufacturers in China are considered competitive In 2005 61 companies produced 90 of the SWH systems made in China, all of the glass vacuum tube type The rest were flat-plate systems， mostly of the thermo siphon type Secondly， many manufacturers an
19、d distributors in China have inconsistent quality control for their SWH products Poor quality products have negative impact on customers in domestic and foreign markets The European market is doubtful about the quality， 0f Chinese solar water heaters because of inferior glass and poor design at a disadvantage compared to the products of the leading Europe Schott manufacturers Schott and Termomax
