1、中文 3818 字 本科毕业论文外文 翻译 外文题目： Differences in Community Participation in Tourism Development between China and the West 出 处： Chinese Sociology & Anthropology2007(3)： 9-27 作 者： Bao Jigang Sun Jiuxia 原文： Differences in Community Participation in Tourism Development between China and the West Bao Jigang S
2、un Jiuxia In recent years, tourism has developed by leaps and bounds in China. It has greatly changed socioeconomic life in tourist destinations and also provided scholars with extensive areas for research. Studies of community participation, however, are lagging behind, both in regard to the pace o
3、f tourism development and the extent of tourism research in the West. Community participation in tourism involves thorough consideration of the suggestions and needs of the community during the process of tourism development, including the decisions, planning, management, and supervision of tourism.
4、 It regards the community as both the developmental and participatory subject. Especially for Chinese scholars, community participation is a very general concept. Yet, in a real sense, community participation is a very specific and highly individualized process. Any differences in terms of the subje
5、ct, target, and background of participation lead to differences in the process as well as the results of participation. Any references without differentiation or general inferences not rooted in reality would be inappropriate. Community participation in China is facing all kinds of difficulties, and
6、 the current studies of community tourism pose more questions than answers. Should we copy the Western pattern of development? How much can we draw on the experiences of the West? Where will we obtain the space for development? Answers to these questions need to be based on comparative studies of co
7、mmunity participation in China and the West set against a wide-ranging social background. We can only explore the social reasons for differences in community participation between China and the West using comparative analysis. There are some similarities in community participation between China and
8、the Western world. First, community participation in both regions is motivated by interest. It differs in that the role of government in management in the West is relatively macroscopic, while the Chinese government undertakes a more specific responsibility of attracting investment and even takes it
9、 upon itself to operate the tourism companies and tourist attractions. Western governments only take the lead in a few respects, for example, “the nation plays the decisive role, or at least the restraining role, in deciding the content of promotion” (Picard and Wood 1997). Second, the community is
10、in a relatively inferior position among the shareholders. Although there are some common characteristics between community participation in China and that in the West, the differences between them are more obvious and call for in-depth research. This article will focus on the difference between comm
11、unity participation in China and that in the West. The West here refers to both the developed countries of the world and some of the developing countries and districts under the social system of the West that follow the political prescriptions of the West. For this article, the West is not only a ge
12、ographic concept or simply an economic concept； it also connotes a political concept. Progress in Related Research Western studies of community participation mainly focus on the interrelationship between tourism development and the community (Taylor 1995). Scholars believe that, as a political activ
13、ity, public participation has already modified the existing system and planning procedures that affect social change and environmental protection (Murphy 1985). The community should take part in the actual development and management of tourism to the fullest extent possible and realize the maximum s
14、ocioeconomic interests for the community (Inskeep 1991, 29). The community is the important feature of growth management in the tourism destination (Simmons 1994). Some of the studies consider community orientation to be part of the development phase of tourism planning (Wall 1997, 42) and explore t
15、he application of cooperation theory in the planning and development of tourism destinations from the perspective of community participation (Jamal and Getz 1995). Research in the field of the actual operations of the community and public participation in tourism planning has also made great progres
16、s. Some scholars have suggested various techniques for residents to follow in tourism developmentmanager-oriented and resident-oriented techniques, for example (Marien and Pizam 1997)； using a feedback mechanism for evaluating project participation, L.G. Smith developed a formula to evaluate public
17、participation (L.G. Smith 1984)； R.E. Petty (1995) divided community participation into seven categories (Li and Zhao 2001): symbolic participation, passive participation, advisory participation, material-motivated participation, functional participation, interactive participation, and self-inspired
18、 participation. However, due to the lack of efficiency in the operations of community participation, some scholars began to ask in reply: Is the community approach really working (Taylor 1995)? At present, Chinese scholars recognize that the communitys participation is the indispensable mechanism wi
19、thin the macroscopic system of sustainable tourism development (Liu 2000), believing that consideration of tourism from the perspective of the community might unearth a feasible approach for the sustainable development of the tourism industry (Tang 1998). In terms of theoretical analysis, some studi
20、es have questioned the motivation for community participation, how to achieve fair distribution, and so on (Li and Zhao 2001)； others have divided the historical development of community participation into four phases (Hu and Zhang 2002): individual participation, organized participation, public par
21、ticipation, and all-around participation. In practice, community participation has not yet been realized in China, which lacks an inspirational motive for self-initiated participation and protection of the public masses (Zhuge, Chen, and De Lacy 2000), so we need to expand the number of channels for community members to take part in tourism development (Yang 2001). Planning experts have also begun to pay attention to residents, advocate community participation, and focus on the analysis of interested parties (Bao and
