1、中文 2540 字 本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料译文 外文资料翻译 （译文不少于 2000 汉字） 1所译外文资料： 作者： Tamara Rtz - Lszl Puczk 书名（或论文题目）： Rural Tourism And Sustainable Development 出版社（或刊物名称）： Rural Tourism Management: Sustainable Options 出版时间（或刊号）： September 1998, 所译页码： Part2 RURAL TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION Rural t
2、ourism is a segment of the total tourist industry which is particularly important in Hungary, in a country with no spectacular natural attractions, without seaside, high mountains, rainforest or herds of exotic animals. However, its attractive cultural landscapes with small villages, thermal springs
3、, rivers and lakes, combined with the traditional hospitality, are able to offer pleasant experiences to the kind of tourist who is looking for relaxation and recreation in a calm setting. On one hand, rural tourism development can play an important role in the diversification of the Hungarian touri
4、st supply and in the creation of a more complex and colourful country image. On the other hand, rural tourism is not only the end, but the means to stimulate economic growth, to increase the viability of underdeveloped regions, and to improve the living standards of local populations. If rural touri
5、sm is to fulfil all these roles, it has to be developed in a way that ensures the long-term sustainability of the resources and that of the development progress itself. But what is a sustainable way of development in rural tourism ? How can sustainability be monitored and promoted in rural destinati
6、ons ? This paper attempts to answer these questions by presenting the current situation of Hungarian rural tourism through indicators that are considered to be relevant for this type of tourism. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was introduced by the World Commis
7、sion on Environment and Development in the Brundtland Report in 1987, defining sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Tourism is one of the foremost economic activities around the worl
8、d, having transported more than 617 million people internationally and generated 448 billion USD in receipts in 1997 (WTO, 1998). It is a major economic force, having generated in 1996 an estimated 3,153.3 billion USD in gross output, creating employment for app. 255 million people, producing app. 1
9、0.7 per cent of world gross domestic product, investing app. 766 billion USD in new facilities and equipment annually, and contributing more than app. 653.3 billion USD to global tax revenue (WTTC, 1996). The volume and significance of tourism clearly shows that it is not enough to develop new forms
10、 of alternative tourism in order to minimise the negative and maximise the positive impacts of tourism development. The whole sector must be developed and managed in a way that it does not damage the natural and socio-cultural environment and this is the responsibility of the world-wide tourism indu
11、stry. Though the Brundtland report made no special reference to tourism, since its publication, the role of tourism in the process of continuously misusing the Earths resources has been analysed and the concept of sustainable tourism appeared. Sustainable tourism has several - often seriously debate
12、d - definitions. According to the definition of the Federation of Nature and National Parks, sustainable tourism is all forms of tourism development, management and activity that maintain the environmental, social and economic integrity and well-being of natural, built and cultural resources in perp
13、etuity (FNNP, 1993). A publication by the Tourism Concern and the World Wide Fund for Nature defines sustainable tourism as tourism which operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural resources； recognises the contribution that people and communities, cus
14、toms and lifestyles, make to the tourism experience； accepts that these people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism； and is guided by the wishes of local people and communities in the host areas (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992). Though the existing definitions usually differ
15、 in their focus or level of elaborateness, the main message of the Brundtland Report seems to be more and more accepted by the tourism industry all over the world. However, the notion of sustainability is a very complex one and it has many ramifications (Mowforth & Munt, 1998). Ecological sustainabi
16、lity, which means that tourism development does not cause irreversible changes in a given destinations ecosystem, is the most commonly accepted dimension, since there is an obvious need all over the world to protect natural resources from the negative impacts of tourism activities. The general growt
17、h of environment-awareness has significantly contributed to this trend. Social sustainability refers to the ability of a community to absorb tourism (both the industry and the tourists themselves) without the creation of social disharmony. Cultural sustainability in the context of tourism assumes th
18、at a given community is able to retain or adapt their own distinctive cultural traits against the pressure of both the so-called tourist culture and the residual culture of the visitors (Jafari, 1987). Economic sustainability refers to a level of economic gain from tourism that is sufficient to prov
19、ide an appropriate income for the local community (compared to the inconvenience caused by the activities of the tourism sector) and to cover all the costs of any special measure taken to satisfy the tourists (thus a precondition of economic sustainability is the attractiveness of an area and the pe
20、rceived high quality of its tourist supply: without being in a competitive position in the world market, no destination can be economically sustainable). The different aspects of sustainability do not compete, but must be seen as equally important. High level of economic profitability must not be co
21、nsidered as a tool to cover over the damage done to social or natural resources, but the relative fragile nature of these latter must not create a planning environment where economic considerations are not being taken (properly). Sustainable tourism development has to be economically viable and natu
22、rally and culturally sensitive at the same time. As we could see, inappropriate tourism development results in increasing stress on destinations and consequently in negative changes in the destinations physical, economic and socio-cultural characteristics. In order to avoid or minimise unfavourable
23、impacts, decision-makers must be aware of all the factors that play a role in the development process. In the measurement of the progress that an individual destination is making towards sustainable tourism development, sustainability indicators are commonly accepted as one set of useful tools. INDI
24、CATORS OF SUSTAINABILITY Indicators measure information with which decision-makers may reduce the chances of unknowingly taking poor decisions (WTO, 1996). In other words, indicators are a set of useful measures of those factors that are important to the decision-makers (the relative significance of
25、 these factors depend on their relevance to the development objectives of a given destination, and on their importance to tourists).Indicators are both a tool for management today and an investment in the future, since they reduce the risk of inadvertent damage to the resource base on which the tour
26、ist industry depends (WTO, 1996). Based on different guidelines and recommendations (Tourism Concern & WWF, 1992； McCool & Watson, 1994； Murphy, 1994； Howie, 1996； Swarbrooke, 1996； WTO, 1996； Mowforth & Munt, 1998), the indicators suggested for the purpose of this study are the following (Table 1):
27、 Table 1 - Indicators of Sustainability in Rural Tourism Indicator Measure 1. Stress - Number of visitors/tourists (per annum/season) 2. Social stress - Ratio of visitor/tourist numbers to local population (per annum/season) 3. Attractiveness - List of natural and cultural resources - Rate of attrac
28、tiveness of natural and cultural resources 4. Planning process - Existence of local/regional plan for development 5. Tourism planning process - Existence of local/regional plan for tourism development 6. Area protection - Category of protection - Percentage of protected area compared to the whole te
29、rritory of the destination 7. Local involvement - Ratio of the number of locally owned tourist businesses to the total number of tourist businesses 8. Local control - Existence of formal measures (public hearing, community meeting, local referendum) to ensure local control over development planning
30、and implementation 9. Employment - Number of jobs created in tourism (full-time equivalent) - Ratio of local employee number to the number of guest workers 10. Tourism contribution to the local economy - Proportion of total tax income generated by tourism only 11. Economic diversity - Share of diffe
31、rent economic activities in the total tax income 12. Energy consumption - Ratio of renewable energy sources to non-renewable energy sources (consumption) 13. Waste management - Percentage of households with proper sewage system - Percentage of waste receiving treatment 14. Education and training - P
32、ercentage of local people involved in tourism with professional training and education - Distribution of tourism employees by education - Percentage of tourism employees (and local people) participating in on-the-job training in a given time period 15. Local satisfaction - Overall perception of tourisms impacts in local community 16. Tourist satisfaction - Overall satisfaction of tourists concerning the quality and the value/price ratio of the complex tourist product - Percentage/change of repeat visits compared to first-time visits
