1、外文翻译及原文 中文 7200 字 外文翻译及原文 ： Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures Wu Zeqiu Wuyi University, Wuyishan Fujian 354300, China Abstract:Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a signific
2、antly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the manual emission into manual retrie
3、ving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a good-cycle both harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of ref
4、rigerants used by all refrigerators. This good-cycle method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all. Key words:unreasonable emission, retrieve refrigerants, counterme
5、asures, economic, technological, management, good-cycle. 1 Introduction The hole in the earths ozone layer is one of the most severe global environmental issues (Dowdeswell, 1995； Song,1995)； hence, over 180 countries have signed the Montreal Protocol, requiring the diminution of ozone depleting sub
6、stances(ODS) in order to repair the Ozone Hole. As the result of over 10 years of hard work by many countries, satellite observations have shown signs of partial restoration of the ozone layer, but to entirely restore the ozone layer will require at least 50 years or more of these efforts ( Shende,
7、2003). 外文翻译及原文 One of the main causes of this problem is the pollution caused by Freon refrigerant pollution. Millions of refrigerators, used by homes, hospitals, restaurants, automobiles and many other users, contain huge amounts of refrigerants； but these refrigerants cannot be contained forever；
8、all of these refrigerants must leave the refrigerators and enter the atmosphere some time, unless they are contained and recycled. Refrigerants go into the atmosphere in several ways. Some ways can be considered as reasonable, or unavoidable； but some are unreasonable (unnecessary) since the emissio
9、ns can be controlled, thus avoiding polluting the atmosphere. Unreasonable or avoidable emissions can be prevented by proper countermeasures. From researches of cases of emission of refrigerants from refrigerators, we find unreasonable types, we analyze the cause, and we put forward some countermeas
10、ures to cope with and control these types of emission. The research shows that to retrieve all the refrigerants from refrigerators is not a simple and easy matter. Therefore, comprehensive, effective and scientific countermeasures such as proposed in this paper are necessary and crucial. 2 How are r
11、efrigerants used by refrigerators? To understand the discussion in this paper, we should first illustrate how refrigerants are used by refrigerators. Excluding a small proportion of refrigerators, such as semiconductor refrigeration units, most refrigeration equipment works on the principle of Karno
12、-cycle. Its main components are evaporator, radiator, throttle and compressor. These components are connected with pipes. A certain amount of refrigerant is injected to form a refrigeration cycle system. When the compressor drives the flow of the refrigerant in the system according to the arrows dir
13、ection, the evaporator will become cool, making it possible for people to store and preserve things. Since the refrigerant is a gas under high pressure, it must be sealed tightly into the refrigeration system when first injected in, using soldering or welding methods to prevent it from escaping. Mos
14、t refrigerators made in the past years, including many refrigerators made at the present time, use Freon as the refrigerant, posing a major threat to the ozone layer. Over 180 nations have signed the Montreal Protocol, promising to stop producing and using ODS, including Freon. But it will take deca
15、des to achieve this, because a fair proportion of newly-made refrigerators still use Freon. For example, China planned to cease the production of refrigerators using Freon by the year 2005 (National Plan, 2001)；that is to say, refrigerators using Freon would still be made in China before 外文翻译及原文 200
16、6, adding even more Freon to the enormous amount already in use here. A main ODS substitute, HFCs, has been identified as a greenhouse gas in the Kyoto Protocol, but is being widely used in refrigerators today. Since the life of a refrigerator is at least 10 years, this means that millions of refrig
17、erators may still release emissions into the atmosphere when they are junked, or when servicemen attempt to repair them. As to retrieving the refrigerants of refrigerators, China just planned to conduct an industry investigation in 2006(Wen, 2007), but it has not started in China today. My investiga
18、tion into the market and the industry of maintenance of refrigerator shows it is the fact, and it must be the same case in most countries. 3 Two means of refrigerant emission To solve the problem of refrigerant emissions, we must explain some research into the causes of emission. Since the refrigera
19、nt is sealed into the pipe system of the refrigerator, and in the end, it must find some way to exit into the atmosphere. Research shows that there are two main ways that this can happen: leaking, and deliberate manual emission. 3.1 Leaking The evaporator and the radiator are made of pipes, which， t
20、ogether with the compressor, make up the cycle system when the refrigerant is injected in. When the room temperature is normal, the refrigerant gas will be under a pressure of about 0.42MPa. If cracks or holes, even a very tiny passage, develop in the refrigeration system, the high pressure will for
21、ce the refrigerant gas into the atmosphere, often unnoticed by people. This we may call leaking. 3.2 Manual emission When a refrigeration system needs repairs, in many cases it will be necessary to open the sealed refrigeration pipe system to repair the faulty part. To do this, the serviceman will u
22、sually cut the broken pipe open, releasing the refrigerant gas under pressure into the atmosphere. Since this leakage is caused by the deliberate action of the repairman, we call this a manual emission. Manual emission is caused by a traditional method of repairing that has long been in use for repairing refrigeration units. Why do the servicemen release the refrigerant? Is this method necessary? The answer is that the servicemen have had no tools or equipment to make repairs without releasing the refrigerant gas.
