1、附录二：外文翻译原文 The Kahnawake Survival School (KSS), located in the Kahnawake Mohawk Territory on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River across from Montreal, is more than a high school. It is a teaching tool for students, a community gathering place and a shelter in case of disaster. The 5500 m2 (60,
2、000 ft2) building is composed of a central block with two wings, spread partially on two floors. The school opened in August 2008. After a thorough inspection of the land owned by the Kahnawake Education Center (KEC), the design team chose a location in an existing clearing where the building would
3、be adjacent to a forest but still accessible from the main highway of the reserve. The proposed location was analyzed by all building professionals to optimize the orientation/layout of the building. Considering the age and history of the site, the decision was made to design a building and make it
4、fit the site, preventing major site modifications and unnecessary cutting down of trees. This consideration was even more important since an endangered tree species (Butternut) was present. Also, all soil removed from the site for excavation was piled near the highway to create a natural wall of dir
5、t, grass and trees, to reduce the noise from the highway. Although building the facility in a clearing was a major construction challenge, it had many advantages for mechanical and electrical engineering. About the Author Nicolas Lemire, P.Eng., is a principal at Pageau Morel and Associates, Montrea
6、l, QC, Canada. Table 1: Average energy consumption for teaching facilities in 2006 (per Natural Resources Canada, OEE). Average Teaching Facility in Quebec 1.90 GJ/m2/yr Average Teaching Facility in Canada 1.70 GJ/m2/yr Table 2: Energy comparison of schools in Quebec, Ontario and Canada 名称 GJ/m2/yr
7、Reduction Average Teaching Facility in Quebec 1.90 Average Teaching Facility in Canada 1.70 Reference Building (School) as Per MNECB of Canada for Quebec） 1.30 0 Reference Building (School) as Per MNECB of Canada for Ontario 1.27 2.4 KSS (Actual Data for 2008 2009) 0.63 51.4 Table 3: Construction co
8、sts in Canadian dollars. cost $ $/m2 $/ft2 Mechanical 1459555 265.37 24.33 Electrical 1059676 192.67 17.66 Whole Building 8591279 1562.05 143.19 For example, trees surrounding the path provide shade for the south fade of the facility during summer. With leaves shed in the winter, the resulting solar
9、 gains are used as an auxiliary heating source. Table 1 shows data published by Natural Resources Canada on the average energy consumption of teaching facilities in 2006. Table 2 shows an energy comparison between the average facilities presented in Table 1, the reference building as per the Model N
10、ational Energy Code for Buildings (MNECB) of Canada for a teaching facility including geothermal energy in the Province of Quebec1 and in the Province of Ontario,2 and the new Kahnawake Survival School. Table 2 shows that KSS performs well at 66.8% more efficient than the average teaching facility i
11、n the Province of Quebec and 51.4% more efficient than the reference building of the MNECB of Canada for a teaching facility in Quebec using geothermal energy. Heat recovery is applied to fresh air and exhaust using an enthalpy wheel. Coils and filters in the systems are selected at 1.8 m/s (350 fpm
12、) to reduce static pressure loss. Variable frequency drives are installed on all fans and motors and are directly coupled to avoid belt losses and reduce maintenance. Motors are high efficiency. A closed loop geothermal heat exchanger (15 vertical boreholes of 137 m2 450 ft) is used to supply temper
13、ed glycol to local geothermal water-to-air heat pumps. A water-to-water heat pump produces hot or cold glycol to supply a coil in the main fresh air ventilation unit that provides outside air to all building areas. Additional energy efficient measures implemented are high efficiency lighting fixture
14、s and fresh air control using CO2 sensors for the gym. Ducting was designed to group the classrooms in four zones, with a fifth zone for the offices. As soon as all classrooms in one zone are unoccupied, that ventilation zone is shut down. When all zones are closed, the main system is turned off. Ph
15、ysical separations are present between classrooms and offices, giving a means of controlling IAQ and energy consumption depending on occupation modes (offices are used in summer, while classes are not； classes can be used at night throughout the year while offices are empty at night, etc.). Commissi
16、oning was performed with emphasis on performances of primary air-handling units (AHUs) and ventilation strategies. To deal with the amount of fresh air injected into the gymnasium, CO2 sensors were installed in the return duct leading to the air-handling units, analyzing CO2 quantities contained in
17、return air. Fresh air is injected in the mixing box of the AHU to maintain CO2 levels at 800 ppm. The special variable air volume (VAV) system with predetermined outside air rate and terminal reheat is an efficient way of providing effective indoor environmental quality to the users. All zones in th
18、e building can maintain effective temperature within the ASHRAE comfort zone as defined in ASHRAE Standard 55. A minimum humidity level of 30% is maintained during winter using electrical steam generator humidifiers installed in the air-Image: . 2009 DigitalGlobe Image: . 2009 DigitalGlobe technolog
19、y award case studies Building at a Glance Name: Kahnawake Survival School Location: Kahnawake, QC, Canada Owner: Kahnawake Education Center Principal Use: School Includes: High School, Community Center, Public Assembly Employees/Occupants: 450 students Gross Square Footage: 60,000 ft2 Substantial Completion/Occupancy: August 2008 Occupancy: 100%handling units. During summer, a maximum of 60% is allowed (design criteria for offices).
