1、中文 3690 字 本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文： Integrated Water Resource Management in Colombia: Paralysis by Analysis？ Abstract： This paper reviews the current instruments in Colombian legislation for water management, including planning, economic and administrative instruments. In particular, it reviews the Wat
2、ershed Management and Ordering Plans, administrative permits for water use and pollution, as well as water use and water pollution charges. It analyzes how they could interact and be implemented in order to undertake comprehensive and integrated water management by the regional environmental authori
3、ties. The paper then reviews how these instruments are currently being implemented by the regional environmental authorities, concluding that IWRM goals are not being achieved. Introduction There is no consensus on what the concept of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) means. The Global Wat
4、er Partnership (2005) considers IWRM as a means to achieve three strategic goals: (1) Efficiency to make water resources ex tend as far as possible； (2) Equity, in the allocation of water across different social and economic groups； and (3) Environmental sustainability, to protect the water resource
5、s base and associated eco-systems. Traditional approaches have typically overstated one of the above goals without considering the others. For example, the ecosystem approach is directed at managing water resources, focusing on the natural ecosystems conservation and restoration (Andrade & Navarrete
6、, 2004), but it has little regard for the allocation of water among users or the of its consumption. Engineering approaches have focused on the storage and distribution of water without considering ecosystems or land uses in the watershed. There is no simple solution for implementing the concept of
7、IWRM； it depends on the particular framework and institutions related to the water resources in a country. One approach that has been promoted for the implementation of IWRM in Latin America is the creation of River Basin Committees (RBC). Ideally, each RBC should be constituted by the water users i
8、n a basin, and its main function should be the allocation of water as well as the finance of activities to protect the resource. Therefore, concentrating the goals of IWRM in one institution will theoretically ensure that they will be considered equally in management of the water. Unfortunately, the
9、 creation of the river basin committees has not produced the expected results (Vargas & Mollard, 2005). From an economic point of view, a River Basin Committee should function as a Coasian institution, fostering the direct negotiation of the users of a natural resource to achieve its optimal distrib
10、ution. Coase (1960) showed that, if property rights were clearly defined and allocated to the users of a natural resource, they should achieve a social optimum through a dir ect negotiation. The right of water allocation is clearly assigned to a River Basin Committee, and if the water users create i
11、t, theoretically it will constitute an optimal solution for water management. The Coasian approach has been subjected to extensive analysis with regard to the onditions where it should achieve an optimal allocation. Buchanan (1967) concluded that the direct negotiation of the users of a natural reso
12、urce should be feasible only if the number of users is small (small number condition), and the transaction cost associated with administration and coordination of the negotiation should not hinder its outcome. Other barriers that might impede a Coasian negotiation are related to the dispersal or dis
13、tance from the water of the users, and the lack of information about the natural resource. Therefore, it can be concluded that a River Basin Committee should function as an optimal institution for water allocation if it has the clear right of water distribution, it does not have too many water users
14、, is closely located and has enough information about the basin. Colombia has a unique institutional framework in Latin America, with decentralized environmental authorities and a market-based regulation for potable water and electricity utilities. In this context, the creation of RBC will generate
15、conflicts with the functions of environmental authorities and with the regulatory bodies of water and electricity utilities. This paper analyzes the ways of implementing the IWRM approach in the Colombian institutional context. The next section reviews the institutional framework for water managemen
16、t and is followed by an examination of the main instruments for water management. There is then an analysis of how those instruments can be implemented in order to achieve IWRM goals, and the final section analyzes the problems of the environmental authorities in effectively implementing them. Insti
17、tutional Framework for Water Management in Colombia The institutional framework related to water resources in Colombia can be divided into the following categories: (a) water allocation and pollution regulation； (b) water demand for energy, potable water supply and sanitation, and agricultural irrig
18、ation； and (c) ecosystem/watershed management. The National Environmental System manages categories (a) and (c) while the water demand for sectoral use is regulated by other ministries, as described below. The National Environmental System Colombia has a decentralized system for environmental regula
19、tion and management. The system is directed by the Ministry of the Environment,Housing and Territorial Development, which formulates the national environmental policies, establishes the environmental regulation to be applied throughout the country, including the minimum pollution standards, and char
20、ges fees. The Ministry is also in charge of the administration of national protected areas, and grants an environmental licence to national infrastructure projects. The regional environmental authorities (CARs) are the institutions in charge of implementing the national policies and regulations as w
21、ell as managing the natural resources within their boundaries, including water resources. The main functions of CARs in relation to water resources are: (1) to allocate water to users； (2) to control water pollution for point and non-point sources； (3) to formulate and adopt Watershed Ordering Plans
22、； and (4)to design, finance and implement activities for the protection of ecosystems. CARsare also responsible for the conservation of forests and other ecosystems (i.e. paramos) related to the hydrological cycle. CARs are autonomous, consisting of a regional Board not only composed of a majority o
23、f regional representatives (Department, Municipal, NGOs and Business sector, ethnic communities) but also of representatives from national government (Ministry of the Environment and the President). The Board appoints the director and approves the budget. Although CARs receive resources from the nat
24、ional budget, they have their own financial resources, which mainly comprise a percentage of the property tax as well as other transfers and environmental taxes generated in their jurisdiction. These characteristics give them a good degree of flexibility to allocate financial resources and implement
25、 projects according to their regional priorities. The effective technical capacity of CARs depends mainly on the availability of resources. As the main financial resources are a percentage of the property tax, CARs that include highly populated areas have a high technical capacity and sufficient per
26、sonnel. On the other hand, CARs also have the function of reviewing and approving the environmental component of the Territorial Ordering Plans (POT). The POT is formulated by the municipalities and contains, among other aspects, the delimitation of areas for urban use/expansion and rural use. They
27、also define categories and impose restrictions on the use of land for environmental, cultural or historic purposes. Finally, the National Environmental System includes five research institutions: (1) IDEAM is a national research institute which coordinates the Colombian Environmental Information Sys
28、tem and is responsible for meteorology,hydrology, and related environmental studies. (2) The Von Humboldt Institute is responsible for biological and biodiversity research studies. (3) The INVEMAR Institute is responsible for marine and coastal research studies. (4) The SINCHI Institute is responsible for research concerning natural resources of the Colombian Amazon region. (5) The IIAP Institute is responsible for research concerning socio-economic and natural resources of the Colombian Pacific region.
