1、 1 外文文献原稿和译文 原 稿 Integrated Framework for Reverse Logistics Heng-Li Yang， Chen-Shu Wang 出处： New Trends in Applied Artificial Intelligence Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 4570, 2007, pp 501-510 Abstract: Although reverse logistics has been disregarded for many years, pressures from both envi
2、ronmental awareness and business sustainability have risen. Reverse logistical activities include return, repair and recycle products. Traditionally, since the information transparency of the entire supply chain is restricted, business is difficult to predict, and prepare for these reverse activitie
3、s. This study presents an agent-based framework to increase the degree of information transparency. The cooperation between sensor and disposal agents helps predict reverse activities, avoid return, speed up repair and prepare for recycling behaviors. Keywords: Reverse Logistics information transpar
4、ency agent-based system 1 Introduction A complete supply chain concept typically includes forward and reverse logistics. However, reverse logistics has been much less examined than forward logistics. Reverse logistics has recently emerged as crucial issues in both practices and academic studies. Rev
5、erse logistics encompasses planning, implementing and controlling the efficient and cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin to recapture value or dispose properly . In the European Union,
6、the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive, this came into force in August 2005, and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (Ro HS) directive, which came into force in 2006； requires companies to take responsibility for product that they sell throughout the product entire lifecy
7、cle. Reverse logistics has become imperative for business. Many previous studies have attempted to 2 formulate mathematical models of reverse logistics. Among these studies, Min et al. presented a genetic algorithm model to deploy centralized return centers. Klausner and Hendrickson explored the rel
8、ationship between product return ratio and reverse logistics strategy . Kulshreshtha and Sarangi examined the link between recycling and price discrimination. Although these optimization models provide partial reverse logistic solutions, they include many assumptions that would not hold in reality.
9、Since reverse logistic activities are too uncertain to formulize, the information about them should ideally be combined. Additionally, some studies have investigated this issue from the perspective of the entire supply chain. For instance, Beamon extended the forward supply chain, and proposed the g
10、reen supply chain concept . Tibben-Lembake and Rogers discussed the distinction between forward and reverse logistics in multiple dimensions. Mollenkopf and Closs discussed the hidden value of reverse logistics from the entire supply chain . Richey et al. surveyed reverse logistics programs, and cla
11、imed that information is a critical factor. Companies are increasingly utilizing reverse logistics as a business strategy. For instance, loose return policies might give customers the impression of high product quality. Additionally, a business may earn goodwill from socially or environment responsi
12、ble behavior. However, these reverse logistics strategies might lead to a large amount of returned and recycled merchandise. Businesses require additional information to resolve this vicious circle. Otherwise, the opaque information might invoke a huge bullwhip effect. As business obtains more infor
13、mation, they can predict and prepare, or even prevent bad effects in reverse activities. If the returned products are fashion merchandise, such as 3C electronic product or seasonal clothes, then the product remaining value might fall when they are sent back by the consumer to the producer site . The
14、refore, if sufficient information is available to enable businesses to predict returns early, then business could properly prepare and reduce process time to maintain their remaining values. Additionally, due to the enforcement of WEEE or RoHS in European Union, manufacturers would become concerned
15、with the recycle ratio at any time. This study considers these reverse logistic activities more actively. An agent-based model is presented to increase information transparency degree (ITD) of the entire supply chain management (SCM). A supply chain with a high ITD serves as an early warning system,
16、 and works very efficiently. A High ITD 3 enhances information sharing within an entire supply chain management (SCM). 2 Problem Descriptions Previous studies have categorized reverse logistic activities into three groups, as shown in Table 1, namely return, repair and recycle. In the process of for
17、ward logistics, suppliers provide raw material to manufacturers, who make products, which are then sent to customers, generally through distributors. Conversely, a customer might send a product back for return, repair or recycling. Additionally, manufacturers and suppliers also need to deal with def
18、ective or nonworking products. Recycling collectors need to dispose of these recycled products properly, and transfer reusable materials back to the supplier and manufacturer. This process is known as reverse logistics. These reverse activities have the following problems. (1) If a customer returns
19、product to a distributor, then the distributor might stock returned products to a particular level, then send them back to manufacturer. However, this practice adversely affects the manufacturer, who has less time to process the returned products, thus the lowering their remaining value. (2) Recycli
20、ng laws, such as WEEE and RoHS in the European Union, increase the importance of recycling activities. Businesses need to monitor recycle ratios, and raise them to comply with recycling laws. (3) Finally, in the repair aspect, repairing processing time should be reduced to maintain the image of a bu
21、siness. All these problems are customer-centric and difficult to predict. However, if the ITD of the entire supply chain could be improved, then the prediction accuracy could be enhanced to enable the upstream and downstream enterprises of supply chain to be prepared early. 3 Proposed Framework This
22、 study assumes symbiosis in the entire supply chain system. The supply chains participants are assumed to share three databases, namely customer, product and transaction. The access permissions are as follows. (1) In the customer DB, the distributor can insert and update and all other participants c
23、an only query. (2) In the product DB, the manufacturer can insert and update and all other participants can only query. (3) In the transaction DB, the distributor can insert and update； manufacturer can update, and all other participants can only query. The shared data are updated regularly. This symbiosis
