1、中文 3260 字 膜技术和环境保护中的水处理 Membrane technology and water treatment in environmental protection REN J ianxin1 , ZHANGBaocheng2 China National Blue Star Chemical Cleaning Co. , No. 9 West Road , Beitucheng Chaoyang District ,Beijing 100029 , China 2. Department of Chemical Engineering , Polytechnic of Tu
2、rin , Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 ,Torino 10129 , Italy) Abstract : The paper present s a general summary on the state of the water resource and membrane industry of China. Now the water pollution is becoming more grave , and the water resource is shorter and shorter in the earth. China has 660 citi
3、es ,360 cities of them are short of water. The situation in 110 cities is serious , and the situation in 40 cities is dangerous. It was predicted that the water could be a main cause of local conflict s and international wars. The water pollution in China is also very astonished. 77 % untreated wast
4、ewater is discharged ,and 46. 6 % river is polluted. Membrane is a clean production technology ,which could be used to improve the quality of drink water ,treat the waste to reduce the pollution and save the water resource. China has a lot of researchers and research institute on membrane. The paper
5、 present s some data of Chinese membrane research and manufacture. Key words : membrane water treatment environment protection CLC number : TQ028. 8 Document code : A 1 Introduction Water is a main resource for our human being ,but the problem of water is more serious than before. China is a develop
6、ing country while it s economy goes forward rapidly. However , along with the development of economy, the ecoenvironmental problem is becoming worse and worse , such as shortage of resources , ecological damage , environmental pollution and etc. all these are bound to have fatal impacts on the impro
7、vement of our living standard and on the substantial development of economy. Now the central government is focusing on the development over the western part of China , in which the economic development and the environmental protection bear key importance. Membrane separation technology is an advance
8、d technology that has been developing very quickly during the past several decades. In 1952 , Reid introduced the idea to desalinate the seawater with RO for the first time. In 1960 , Loeb and Sourirajin produced the first RO membrane with the potential practical application , which was a symbol of
9、the birth of membrane science and technology. China has a 40year history of research and development of membrane. In this period , RO , NF , UF , MF , electric dialysis , pervaporation membrane , liquid membrane , membrane reactor were developed , and have been put into application in the fields of
10、energy , electronics ,petroleum , petrochemical , pharmacy , heavy industry , light industry , food and brewery industry , peoples daily life and the environmental protection. Especially in the water treatment , the application of membrane technology turns wider and wider , and plays an increasingly
11、 important role. 2 The state of water resource and water pollution in China In range of environmental problems , water problem is extremely severe. There are one third of people on the earth facing with how to solve the shortage of water and how to treat the wastewater. This number will be doubled i
12、n the next 30 years. It is forecast by some experts that water , rather than oil , is going to be the main cause of conflicts regionally even globally. There are 660 cities in China. Among them , more than 360 are short of water and 110 are in urgent situation. Further more , 40 cities are in the li
13、st of the cities that are ext remely short of water. It is estimated that the water shortage will be 40 billion tons annually , and that China will lack 60 billion tons water in 2030. Due to the water shortage , the product output decreases by 240 billion RMB yuan annually. The water quality in Chin
14、a was deteriorated over the past few years. The polluted river length increased every year. According to the statistical data in 1999 , 46. 5 % of rivers were polluted in 100 000 km monitored rivers , but the wastewater treated ratio was only 23 %. 1 Water pollution has become the obstacle of econom
15、ic development and social progress. In Sanxia reservoir of Yangzi River , there are 21 counties discharging wastes into Yangzi River. The height of the float above water reaches 24 m , sometimes 6. 5 m. It has directly affected the work of Ge Zhou Ba water power station. It causes frequent breakdown
16、 of Erjiang power station. The worst case happened was that once a time the float caused severe power plants breakdown with an electricity loss of 14 000 kW , equal to the capacity of a small power station. Water pollution not only becomes an impediment of the economic development , but also endange
17、rs the existence of the people. The water quality in Yangteng Lake drops to grade 3 from grade 2 , which causes the water undrinkable. 3 State of membrane industry China has a lot of research unit s and researchers on membrane. The research on electric dialysis and ion exchange membrane began in 195
18、82 . RO membrane began in 1965 and UF membrane in 1970s.The earliest prepared UF membrane , cellulose acetate UF membrane , was used in electric coat system in 1980s , after polysulfone hollow fiber UF membrane was manufactured. The researches and the development also went ahead rapidly on NF membra
19、ne , gas membrane , inorganic membrane , pervaporation membrane and liquid membrane. Although the membrane industry of China is not big , it grows up very quickly. According to the statistical data in 1997 , there were 13 big companies of membrane with the output over 1. 2 million in China ( Tab. 1)
20、 . The output of solo membranewas 45 million , within which the imported value was 27 million. The industrial output relevant to membrane was estimated 0. 17 billion and it will be 0. 3 billion this year. The imported membrane is about 70 % sales in China. The output of locally manufactured membrane
21、 increased by 30 % annually. In 1997 , the global output value of membrane and it s relevant equipment was about 10 billion. It is estimated that the output value will be increased to 14 billion in 2000. The output of membrane industry of USA was 1. 1 billion in 1997 and will reach 1. 6 billion in 2
22、001 with the annual growth rate of 8. 0 %. In 1997 , the sales of membrane product s for water treatment was 0. 97 billion in Europe. It is reckoned to be 1. 65 billion in 2004 with the annual growth rate of 7. 9 %. According to these growth rates , China will catch up with USA and Europe in the coming years as shown in Fig. 1. Tab. 1 Chinese membrane companies with the output of over 1. 2 million
