1、 1 小学教师职业倦怠调查研究外文翻译 原文 1 A study on primary school teacher teacher burnout levels Definition The most commonly accepted definition of burnout is the three dimensional one by Maslach et al. (1986). According to this, bumout is a three dimensional term which includes the emotional exhaustion, apathy a
2、nd decrease in personal success which is often seen in people who work face to face with others (Maslach and Jackson, 1986； Qtd. In Aksoy, 2007,8). What is important here is that bumout is a continuous variable and that individuals should not be classified as all or nothing (Girgin and Baysal, 2005,
3、4). Studies have shown that burnout is an individual concept, contains a negative emotional experience and is based on a chronic uninterrupted emotion. It is differentto a transient feeling of tiredness which disappears after a time. Possible to appear at different stages of work life, burnout has t
4、he characteristics of a continuous negative emotional reaction (Shirom, 1989； Qtd. in Vizh, 2005, 11). Burnout is a stress equation and an invasive process. It has been related to peoples expectations and usually emerges as a result of a big mismatch between unrealistic expectations and real life (T
5、iimkaya,1996,11). In professions with intense face to face human relations, such as the medical profession, teaching and management, burnout is more frequent due to the nature of the work (Schwab & Iwanicki, 1982； Qtd. in Vizh, 2005,12). Teacher burnout is an example of a negative reaction against s
6、tressful instructional conditions, students, and lack of administrative support (Seidman and Zager, 1986-197； Qtd. In Tmkaya, 1996,27). Farber (1984) maintains that burnout results from discipline problems, student apathy, crowded classrooms, compulsory appointments, role conflict and criticism of t
7、eachers (Qtd. In Altay, 2007, 33). The emergence and spread of teacher burnout may also result from the educational philosophy which changes in line with social, economic and technological developments. While educators were a strong element shaping educational decisions and supported by the society
8、until 30-40 years ago, this started to change particularly from the mid-70s and the effect of educators 2 decreased (Iwanicki, 1983； Qtd. in Gndz, 2005, 154). Personal variables that may cause burnout include the teachers age, gender, marital status, education level, length of work, time spent in th
9、e last workplace (Johnson, Gold and Knepper, 1984； Qtd. in Aksoy, 2007,20), experience, whether teaching is perceived as a rewarding job, and self perceptions about the effectiveness of ones teaching. Aim The aim of this study is to determine teacher bumout in primary schools around the Turkish Repu
10、blic of Northem Cypms. Answers to the following questions were sought. 1. Do primary school teachers burnout levels differ meaningfully with respect to gender? 2. Do primary school teachers burnout levels differ meaningfully with respect to marital status? 3. Do primary school teachers burnout level
11、s differ meaningfully with respect to with respect to selection of the profession? Method Study Model This study followed the descriptive scanning method. Such studies determine the relationships between variables examining events, objects, entities, institutions, groups and various fields (Kaptan,
12、1973, 175). Therefore, this study attempts to determine teacher burnout levels with respect to certain variables. Population and Sample The study population included the 1482 teachers who were working at the 98 schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education and Culture in Lefkoa, Gime, Gaz
13、imagusa and Gzeiyurt during the 2007-2008 academic year (). The sample comprised 196 teachers from 14 of these schools which were selected randomly. As the sample gets bigger, its reliability increases. This depends on group size. If the group or population does not exceed several hundred, a 50% sam
14、ple is necessary. If it reaches thousands, a sample of 10% or less might be satisfactory (Karata, 1984,97). The current study reached 13% of the population. Data Collection Two instruments were used in data collection: 1. Personal Information form, 3 2.Maslach Burnout Inventory. The former was desig
15、ned by the researcher. It included questions about the participating teachers gender, age, marital status, length of employment, time spent at the school of employment, the program they graduated from, weekly contact hours, economic status perception and whether they chose the profession on their ow
16、n will. At the end of the form, there were two open-ended questions asking the rewarding and challenging aspects of teaching. It had a total of 11 questions, including the two open-ended items. Validity and Reliability of the Inventory The reliability study of Maslach Burnout Inventory was determine
17、d by Kuder-Richardson 20 formula and the halving technique Findings and Interpretations The gender distribution of participating teachers were as follows: 56,6% females, 43,4% males. Of these, 70,4% were married and 29,6% were single. The percentage of teachers who had been working between 1-5 years
18、 was 28,6%； 6-10 years was 28,1%； 11-15 years was 25%, and 16-20 years was 12,2%. Suggestions The analyses showed that female teachers may be more prone to bumout due to feelings of desperation at work, disappointment and exhaustion at the end of the day. Therefore, the schedules of female teachers
19、and their tasks at schools may be reconsidered. This would be especially relevant for Turkey where the culture gives females, and particularly married females, more family responsibilities. In order to avoid feelings of professional despair, teachers need to follow technological advancements and the
20、 developments in the field. They also need rigorous in-service training. This should be provided on an equal-opportunity basis. Excessive teaching load may lead to an increase in apathy levels, showing that reducing teaching hours and giving teachers more time for themselves may help reduce their ap
21、athy. The results have also shown that when teachers choose the profession willfully, they experience less bumout. Therefore, the profession should be made more attractive and those who really want to teach should be hired to fill open positions. Otherwise, there will be much higher bumout levels in the teaching profession.
