1、PDF外文：http:/ 目 录 1 外文文献原文 . (1) 2 外文文献翻译 . ( 2) 1 外文文献原文 Safety of long railway tunnels D. Diamantidisa ,*, F. Zuccarelli b , A. Westhauserc aUniversity of Applied Sciences, Regensburg, Prufeningerstr.58, D-93049, Regensburg, G
2、ermany bDAppolonia S.p.A., Genova, Italy cBrenner Eisenbahn GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria Received 10 March 1999； accepted 6 September 1999 Abstract Planning and designing railway tunnels with an explicit reference to safety issues is becoming of utmost importance since the combination of hig
3、h speed, mixed goodspassenger traffic and extreme length of the new tunnels under design or concept evaluation, have sensitively modified the inherent safety of the railway tunnel. Although the probability of occurrence of accidental events may still be considered rather low, the possible consequenc
4、es of such events in long tunnels can be catastrophic, therefore raising the overall risk to levels that may be no more acceptable. The scope of this paper is to illustrate the state-of-practice related to risk analysis of long railway tunnels. First, ambitious tunnel projects are briefly reviewed.
5、The applicable risk-analysis procedures are then described and discussed. The problem of risk appraisal is addressed and quantitative target safety levels are proposed. Safety systems for risk reduction are outlined. q2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Railw
6、ay tunnels； Risk acceptability； Safety systems； Passenger traffic 1. Introduction The railway is now moving rapidly toward a modern service transportation industry. High Speed Rail (HSR) systems are already operating in many countries such as Japan, England, France, Italy and Germany. A furthe
7、r development of the whole European HSR network is planned. In order to achieve the design velocity up to 300 km/h, a considerable part of the routes is in tunnels with lengths greater than 10 km and in some cases of the order of 50 km. Table 1 illustrates a list of existing long tunnels worldwide.
8、In this European context, the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) aimed at homogenizing the HSR projects also with respect to the safety issues. However, neither the CEC guidelines nor the existing railway regulations and codes directly address to the problem of quantitatively assessing the
9、 safety level for railway systems. This is mostly due to the fact that railway transport is considered by railway operators and perceived by the public as a safe mean of transportation. This approach to safety might be applicable to traditional railway systems, which have proven throughout th
10、e years their performance； it is, however, not enough to guarantee the safety of railway systems where innovative and particular conditions are present, or of the existing lines that have to be upgraded to new exercise standards. For example, the combination of high-speed transit, high traffic inten
11、sity, combined transport of passengers and dangerous goods and extremely long tunnels, might lead to unacceptable safety levels. Therefore, the designer has to choose a railway system configuration together with the preventive and mitigative measures of accidents that minimize the risk and ultimatel
12、y should verify by means of a risk analysis that the obtained safety level is below a predefined target level. The scope of this paper is to illustrate the state-of-practice related to safe tunnel design and associated risk-analysis aspects of long railway tunnels. First, ambitious tunnel projects a
13、re briefly reviewed from the safety point of view. The risk-analysis procedures are then described and discussed. The problem of risk appraisal is addressed and quantitative target safety levels are proposed. Finally, safety systems for risk reduction are illustrated. 2. Major tunnel projects and th
14、e associated risk Basic design aspects in existing or under design and construction tunnels are briefly summarized in this section. Table 1 List of existing long tunnels worldwide Name Country &nbs
15、p; Length (km) Underground Daischimisu Japan 22.2 Simplon II Italy/Switzerland
16、;19.8 Appennino Italy 18.6 Rokko Japan 16.2 Haruna
17、 Japan 15.4 Gotthard Switzerland 15.0 Nakayama &nbs
18、p; Japan 14.8 Lotschberg Switzerland 14.5 Hokuriku Japan &
19、nbsp; 13.9 Prato Tires Italy 13.5 Landrucken Germany &nb
20、sp; 10.8 Underwater Seikan Japan 53.9 Eurotunnel UK/France &nbs
21、p; 50.0 Shin Kanmon Japan 18.7 Great Belt Denmark 8.0 Severn &nb
22、sp; UK 7.0 Mersey UK 4.9 Kanmon &nbs
23、p; Japan 3.6 The following tunnels are included: (a) the Channel tunnel between England and France； (b) the Seikan tunnel in Japan； (c) the Gotthard tunnel planned in Switzerland； (d) the Brenner tunnel planned between Italy and Austria；
