1、附 录 附录 A 外文翻译 High-speed Rail and Multiple Units High-speed High-speed rail is public transport by rail at speeds in excess of 200 km/h. Typically, high-speed trains travel at top service speeds of between 250 km/h and 300 km/h- The world speed record for a conventional wheeled train was set in 1990
2、， by a French TGV (Train a Grande vitesse) that reached a speed of513.5km/h， and an experimental Japanese magnetic levitation train has reached 581 km/h. The International Union of Railway high-speed task force provides definitions of high-speed rail travel. There is no single definition of the term
3、, but rather a combination of elements new or upgraded track, rolling stock, operating practices 一that lead to high-speed rail operations. The speeds at which a train must travel to qualify as “ high-speed” vary from country to country, ranging from 160 km/h to over 300 km/h. There are constraints o
4、n the growth of the highway and air travel systems， widely cited as traffic congestion, or capacity limits. Airports have limited capacity to serve passengers during peak travel times, as do highways. High-speed rail， which has potentially very high capacity on its fixed4corridors， offers the promis
5、e of relieving congestion on the other systems. Prior to World War II, conventional passenger rail was the principal means of intercity transport. Passenger rail services have lost their primary role in transport, due to the small proportion of journeys made by rail. High-speed rail has the advantag
6、e over automobiles in that it can move passengers at speeds far faster than those possible by car, while also avoiding congestion. For journeys that do not connect city centre to city centre， the door to door travel time and the total cost of high-speed rail can be comparable to that of driving. A f
7、act often mentioned by critics of high-speed trains. However, supporters argue that journeys by train are less strenuous and more productive than car journeys. While high-speed trains generally do not travel as fast as jet aircraft, they have advantages over air travel for relatively short distances
8、. When traveling less than mm W!0 about 650 km, the process of checking in and going through security screening at airports, as well as the journey to the airport itself, makes the total journey time comparable to high-speed rail. Trains can be boarded more quickly in a central location， eliminating
9、 the speed advantage of air travel. Rail lines also permit far greater capacity and frequency of service than what is possible with aircraft. High-speed trains also have the advantage of being much more environmentally friendly, especially if the routes they serve are competing against clogged highw
10、ays. The early target areas， identified by France， Japan， and the U.S.， were connections between pairs of large cities. In France this was Paris-Lyon, in Japan Tokyo-Osaka, and in the U.S. the proposals are in high-density areas. The only high-speed rail service at present in the USA is in the North
11、east Corridor between Boston, New York and Washington, D.C,； it uses tilting trains to achieve high speeds on existing tracks, since building new， straighter lines was not practical, given the amount of development on either side of the right of way. Five years after construction began on the line，
12、the first Japanese high-speed rail line opened on the eve of the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, connecting the capital with Osaka. The first French high-speed rail line was opened in 1981， the French rail agency, planning starting in 1966 and construction in 1976. The opening ceremonies were significant ev
13、ents, being reported internationally, but not associated with a major showpiece such as a Worlds Fair or Olympic Games. Market segmentation has principally focused on the business travel market. The French focus on business travelers is reflected in the nature of their rail cars. Pleasure travel is
14、a secondary market, though many of the French extensions connect with vacation beaches on the Atlantic and Mediterranean, as well as major amusement parks. Friday evenings are the peak time for TGVs. The system has lowered prices on long distance travel to compete more effectively with air services，
15、 and as a result some cities within an hour of Paris by TGV have become commuter communities, thus increasing the market, while restructuring land use, A side effect of the first high-speed rail lines in France was the opening up of previously isolated regions to fast economic development. Some newe
16、r high-speed lines have been planned primarily for this purpose. Multiple Units The term Multiple Unit or MU is used to describe a self-propelling train unit capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one cab.1 The term is commonly used to denote
17、 passenger trainsets that consist of more than one carriage, but single self-propelling carriages, can be referred to as multiple units if capable of operating with other units. Multiple units are of three main types： Electric Multiple Unit (EMU), Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU), Diesel Electric Multiple
18、 Units (DEMU). Multiple unit trainset has the same power and traction components as a locomotive, but instead of the components concentrating in one carbody， they are spread out on each car that makes up the set2 Therefore these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of semi-permanently
19、coupled.For example, a DMU might have one car carry the prime mover and traction motors, and another the engine for head end power generation； an EMU might have one car carry the pantograph and transformer, and another car carry the traction motors. Advantages Multiple units have several advantages
20、over locomotive-hauled trains. Energy efficiency MUs are more energy efficient than locomotive-hauled trains. They are more nimble, especially on grades, as much more of the train s weight ( sometimes all of it) is carried on power-driven wheels, rather than suffer the dead weight of unpowered haule
21、d coaches. In addition, they have a lower weight-per-seat value than locomotive-hauled trains since they do not have a bulky locomotive that does not itself carry passengers but ecmtributes to the total weight of the train. This is particularly important for train services that have frequent stops,s
22、ince the energy consumed for accelerating the train increasessignificantly with an increase in weight. No need to turn locomotiveMost MUs have cabs at both end, resulting in quicker turnaround times,reduced crewing costs i and enhanced safety. The faster turnaround time and the reduced size (due to
23、higher frequencies) as compared to large locomotive -hauled trains, has made the MU a major part of suburban commuter rail services in many countries, MUs are also used by most rapid transit systems. Composing can be changed mid journeyMUs may usually be quickly made up or separated into sets of varying lengths. Several multiple units may run as a single train， then be broken at a junction point into smaller trains for different destinations. Reliability Due to having multiple engines the failure of one engine does not
