1、Electricity transmission tariffs for large-scale wind power consumption in western Gansu province, China Abstract Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles whi
2、ch may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive ris
3、k-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the 800 kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the mo
4、del. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission； and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission
5、 pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return
6、on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises business development. Keywords Large-scale wind power； Long-distance transmission； Transmission tariff； Incremental cost； Risk 中国甘肃省西部 的大型风力发电 关于 电力传输的收费问题 摘要 电力系统中的 大型风力发电传动提出了一些挑战。 电能 传输的收费标准的确定和共享的成本是阻碍
7、风电发展的潜在因素。本文分析了以风力发电远程传输 电能 到电力系统的增量成本，考虑固定及增量成本和成本波动的风险变量的因素，并建立了一个大型风力发电远程传输综合风险定价模型。甘肃省具有丰富的风力资源，所以我们以酒泉的风电整合和 800 kV甘肃株洲直流（ DC）为例，验证说明这种电力传输模型 的实用 性 。结论如下：接入电网连接的成本津贴应大致分为大型风电基地 成本 和远程传输 电能的成本 ；而风电的大规模远距离输电的定价应分为由两部分组成的输电定价系统 ，以消除由 单 个简单的分配方法所产生的固定波动的风险，和固定传输成本 的变化 。输电价格必须包括折旧补偿，运行和维护成本，及合理的投资回报
8、，这是提供企业业务发展的一种有效的激励和引导的机制。 关键词 大范围的风能 长距离传输 输送电能的收费 增加的成本 风险 1. Introduction With 7 GW wind power bases now being promoted, Chinese wind power development is switching to ultra-large-scale, high-concentration development and long-distance transmission, resulting in a greater than expected increase i
9、n transmission costs 1. Currently, the Chinese transmission and distribution tariff has no clear independent pricing mechanism. It is mainly reflected by the difference between the retail tariff set by the government and the generation tariff also set by the government. However, with the acceleratio
10、n of grid construction, the low transmission and distribution tariff seems increasingly contradictory. The consequence is that the electricity pricing mechanism cannot fully compensate the grid company, the power network cost cannot be incorporated into the retail tariff and the enthusiasm for wind
11、power consumption is affected by the improper transmission and distribution tariff. In addition, the low transmission and distribution tariff is actually concealing inflation； this may dampen the enthusiasm of power investors and producers, causing a slowdown in grid construction, and continuous pow
12、er supply tension, and finally affecting the security, stability, and ultimately the orderly and efficient operation of the grid system as a whole. The formulation of an allowance standard for wind power grid connection was based on the dispersive access model of traditional wind power. In fact, thi
13、s standard was in line with the actual situation of wind power development at the time it was formulated, and it cannot fully meet the current and future demand for wind power development in China 2. Currently, there are various transmission and distribution pricing methods. These include rolled-in
14、transmission pricing methods, such as the postage stamp, MW-Mile, and contract path method. On this basis, Xia et al. 3 proposed a new transmission and distribution pricing method based on the optimal supply-demand match and MW Mile, to achieve a reasonable apportionment of distance-related transmis
15、sion cost. Qiao et al. 4 calculated the share of use of the central China power grid through the analysis of trends and trading contracts. The other kind of pricing method is the marginal cost pricing method. Zhang et al. 5 priced each transmission line by using the marginal cost pricing method, and
16、 determining the transmission cost-sharing coefficient based on a power flow tracing method. Zhang et al., Reng et al. and Chung et al. 6, 7 and 8 calculated the active power price and the reactive power price through using the marginal cost method, taking into account the recovery and investment of
17、 fixed assets, to ensure the grids payment balance. Li et al. 9 calculated users cost-sharing changes based on the marginal net loss coefficient method, calculated the additional cost by using the marginal cost method, and determined the users cost by judging whether the marginal changes in the trad
18、ing volume exceed the maximum capacity of devices. Tarjei Kristiansen 10 made a comparison of three transmission pricing models: the Wangensteen model, the optimal power flow model and the Hogan model, and found that three models have different applications: the Wangensteen model is used for educati
19、onal purposes, the optimal power flow model has been widely used in electrical engineering and dispatch of power systems, and Hogans model is an economists version of the optimal power flow model. The studies above focus on conventional methods of transmission and distribution pricing. Although ther
20、e are some differences in the transmission and distribution pricing mechanisms for renewable energy sources such as wind power, the studies above can also give some suggestions. For example, the recovery and depreciation of investment should be considered in wind power transmission and distribution
21、pricing, and the power flow tracing method can be used to determine the transmission cost-sharing coefficients so as to ensure the power grids payment balance. At present, some scholars are studying large-scale wind power, as well as wind power grid connection pricing methods. Dale et al. 11 mainly
22、studied the impact of long-distance large-scale wind power consumption on the operation cost, pointing out that the proportion of wind power in the power resource is closely related to the proportion of additional spare capacity provided for wind farms rated capacity, and the reserve cost can be det
23、ermined correspondingly. Swider et al. and Barth et al. 12 and 13 proposed three kinds of wind power cost-sharing methods: deep, shallow and ultra-shallow, which can give different definitions for the developers and the associated cost of power grid construction in wind power projects respectively. Hill et al. 14 studied the external issues
