1、毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目： CULTURE, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF PERU 出 处 ： Industrial & Labor Relations Review， Jul63, Vol. 16 Issue 4, p583-594, 12p 作 者： WILLIAM F. WHYTE. 原 文： CULTURE, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF PERU ropr_420 839.880 The economi
2、sts who give their attention to the study of the developing countries are now generally agreed that culture has an extremely important impact upon economic development and upon the pattern of industrial relations found in a given country. Nevertheless, the governments of these countries generally te
3、nd to neglect the culture and concentrate their attention upon capital, natural resources, transportation, technical education, and so on -all of these being factors which appear to be more or less concrete. Why is culture generally neglected in development plans? There are certainly several reasons
4、 for this condition, and I shall focus our attention on only one of them. My theory is that in the planning of the economic policy makers, those factors for which measurements are readily available tend to receive attention, whereas the factors for which measurements are not readily available tend t
5、o be neglected. To the layman, culture appears to be a vague and nebulous notion. It is fashionable these days to acknowledge that culture is important, but if the government planner finds difficulty in understanding what it is and has no idea how many aspects of it might be measured, then he is unl
6、ikely to develop plans consciously designed to change culture. For this reason, the development of measuring instruments for cultures may be an essential step in the forward movement of the developing countries. This is a report on one such effort. It grows out of fifteen months of research in Peru
7、on Human Problems of Industrial Development. The project was planned as a series of field studies in Peruvian industrial plants, to be carried out by four Peruvian research assistants, under my general direction. We did indeed carry out the factory field studies we planned, but in the early stages o
8、f the project, I became convinced of the necessity for a broad study of culture to provide interpretation for some of the behavior we were observing in the plants. Nobody who comes to Peru to take even a most casual look at industrial activities in the country can fail to be impressed by the scarcit
9、y of firms founded and developed by Peruvians, whose families had been in the country for several generations. A large part of the industry is in foreign hands. The railway system was pioneered bya U. S. engineer, Henry Meigs, and is now owned by the Peruvian Corporation, a British concern. The majo
10、r internal airline, Faucett, was founded by an American. More than 90 percent of the oil production is in the hands of foreign firms, the dominant one being International Petroleum Company, an affiliate of Standard Oil of New Jersey. In mining, the dominant firms are Cerro de Pasco Corporation, Sout
11、hern Peru Mining Corporation, and Marcona Mining Company, all American firms. The dominant company in shipping is W. R. Grace and Company which is also prominent in raising and refining sugar, in textiles and in chemicals. More important in the textile industry is Duncan Fox and Company, Ltd., a Bri
12、tish firm. I he most important public utility, Empresas Electricas Asociadas, was founded and is still controlled by Swiss, although Peruvians have invested substantially in the company. The list could be extended, but perhaps this is enough to show the importance of foreign capital and explain why
13、many Peruvians look with some resentment upon what they consider the colonial status of their country. Why are foreign concerns so prominent in Peru? One American professor put this question to a group of Peruvian university students. Their main reply was that Perus governments over the years have c
14、atered to foreign interests and given to foreigners advantages and help that they did not give to their own people. To examine the merits of this argument would require an historical study which is beyond the scope of this project. Let us simply examine the assumption underlying the argument: the as
15、sumption is that industry cannot develop in Peru without special favors and assistance from the government. Is this true? Let us get down to cases. More than fifty years ago, the father of Antonio DOnofrio started in the ice-cream business with a pushcart. When Antonio DOnofrio was old enough to wor
16、k, he went to work with his father. Today, DOnofrio is the dominant concern in manufacturing chocolates and all kinds of candies, cookies, and ice cream. Thirty years ago, Oscar Ferrand, the son of a grocery-store owner, opened a small shop to experiment with the manufacture of glass. Today, Cristal
17、 Ferrand is the leading firm in the glass industry and produces such a fine product that it is able to export approximately 10 percent of its production to other markets, including the United States. Less than ten years ago, Luis Banchero, a man who had worked his way through engineering school peda
18、ling petroleum products on the streets, scraped up enough money to go into partnership with an American and set up a plant to produce fish meal from anchovies that are abundant along the coast of Peru. The partner died shortly after this beginning, leaving Banchero to carry on alone. The success of
19、Bancheros first plant set off the phenomenal boom in the fish-meal industry, until today fish meal (used for fertilizer and cattle feed) has become, after copper and cotton, Perus principal source of foreign exchange. One of the top figures in the fishing and fish-meal industry and in the trade asso
20、ciation to market its product, at the age of thirty-one at this writing, Sr. Banchero is now branching out into other industrial enterprises. None of these men had any assistance from the government in getting their enterprises started or at any crucial stage. But who are these men? DOnofrio is an I
21、talian immigrant. Fenand is the son of a French immigrant. Banchero is the son of an Italian immigrant. And so it goes. In any gathering of industrialists in Peru today, you will find a large proportion of immigrants and sons of immigrants. There are successful industrial entrepreneurs who are Peruvians by birth and by two or more generations in the country, but they are few enough so as to attract attention and make one ask: What is it that makes these men different? One hears it said that some foreign blood is necessary for industrial leadership, but
