1、PDF外文：http:/ 1 S. Lee et al.: A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart Home A Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor-based Indoor Location-Aware System for the Smart Home Suk Lee, Member, IEEE, Kyoung Nam Ha, Kyung Chang Lee, Member, IEEE Abstract Smart home is exp
2、ected to offer various intelligent services by recognizing residents along with their life style and feelings. One of the key issues for realizing the smart home is how to detect the locations of residents. Currently, the research effort is focused on two approaches: terminal-based and non-terminal-
3、based methods. The terminal -based method employs a type of device that should be carried by the resident while the non-terminal-based method requires no such device. This paper presents a novel non-terminal-based approach using an array of pyroelectric infrared sensors (PIR sensors) that can detect
4、 residents. The feasibility of the system is evaluated experimentally on a test bed. Index Terms smart home, location-based service, pyroelectric infrared sensor (PIR sensor), location-recognition algorithm I. INTRODUCTION There is a growing interest in smart home as a way to offer a convenient, com
5、fortable, and safe residential environment 1, 2. In general, the smart home aims to offer appropriate intelligent services to actively assist in the residents life such as housework, amusement, rest, and sleep. Hence, in order to enhance the residents convenience and safety, devices such as home app
6、liances, multimedia appliances, and internet appliances should be connected via a home network system, as shown in Fig. 1, and they should be controlled or monitored remotely using a television (TV) or personal digital assistant (PDA) 3, 4. 2 Fig. 1. Architecture of the home
7、 network system for smart home Especially, attention has been focused on location-based services as a way to offer high-quality intelligent services, while considering human factors such as pattern of living, health, and feelings of a resident 5-7. That is, if the smart home can recognize the reside
8、nts pattern of living or health, then home appliances should be able to anticipate the residents needs and offer appropriate intelligent service more actively. For example, in a passive service environment, the resident controls the operation of the HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning)
9、system, while the smart home would control the temperature and humidity of a room according to the residents condition. Various indoor location-aware systems have been developed to recognize the residents location in the smart home or smart office. In general, indoor location-aware systems have been
10、 classified into three types according to the measurement technology: triangulation, scene analysis, and proximity methods 8. The triangulation method uses multiple distances from multiple known points. Examples include Active Badges 9, Active Bats 10, and Easy Living 11, which use infrared sensors,
11、 ultrasonic sensors, and vision sensors, respectively. The scene analysis method examines a view from a particular vantage point. Representative examples of the scene analysis method are MotionStar 12, which uses a DC magnetic tracker, and RADAR 13, which uses IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network
12、 (LAN). Finally, the proximity method measures nearness to a known set of points. An example of the proximity method is Smart Floor 14, which uses pressure sensors. Alternatively, indoor location-aware systems can be classified according to the need for a terminal that should be carried by the resid
13、ent. Terminal-based methods, such as Active Bats, do not recognize the residents location directly, but perceive the location of a device carried by the resident, such as an infrared transceiver or radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Therefore, 3 it is impossible to recognize the resid
14、ents location if he or she is not carrying the device. In contrast, non-terminal methods such as Easy Living and Smart Floor can find the residents location without such devices. However, Easy Living can be regarded to invade the residents privacy while the Smart Floor has difficulty with extendibil
15、ity and maintenance. This paper presents a non-terminal based location-aware system that uses an array of pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensors 15, 16. The PIR sensors on the ceiling detect the presence of a resident and are laid out so that detection areas of adjacent sensors overlap. By combining th
16、e outputs of multiple PIR sensors, the system is able to locate a resident with a reasonable degree of accuracy. This system has inherent advantage of non-terminal based methods while avoiding privacy and extendibility, maintenance issues. In order to demonstrate its efficacy, an experimental test b
17、ed has been constructed, and the proposed system has been evaluated experimentally under various experimental conditions. This paper is organized into four sections, including this introduction. Section II presents the architecture of the PIR sensor-based indoor location-aware system (PILAS), and th
18、e location-recognition algorithm. Section III describes a resident-detection method using PIR sensors, and evaluates the performance of the system under various conditions using an experimental test bed. Finally, a summary and the conclusions are presented in Section IV. II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE PIR
19、SENSOR-BASED INDOOR LOCATION-AWARE SYSTEM A. Framework of the smart home Given the indoor environment of the smart home, an indoor location-aware system must satisfy the following requirements. First, the location-aware system should be implemented at a relatively low cost because many sensors have
20、to be installed in rooms of different sizes to detect the resident in the smart home. Second, sensor installation must be flexible because the shape of each room is different and there are obstacles such as home appliances and furniture, which prevent the normal operation of sensors. The third requi
21、rement is that the sensors for the location-aware system have to be robust to noise, and should not be affected by their surroundings. This is because the smart home can make use of various wireless communication methods such as wireless LAN or radio-frequency (RF) systems, which produce electromagnetic noise, or there may be significant changes in light or temperature that can affect sensor performance. Finally, it is desirable that the systems accuracy is adjustable according to room types. Among many systems that satisfy the requirement, the PIR sensor-based system has not
