1、外文文献翻译（译成中文 1000 字左右）： 【 主要阅读文献不少于 5 篇 ， 译文后附注 文献信息 ，包括 ： 作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码 。 提供 所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文 】 The introduction of ship design The term basic design refers to determination of major ship characteristics affecting cost and performance. Thus, basic
2、design includes the selection of ship dimensions, hull form, power (amount and type), preliminary arrangement of hull and machinery, and major structure. Proper selections assure the attainment of the mission requirements such as good sea keeping performance, maneuverability, the desire speed, endur
3、ance, cargo capacity, and deadweight. Furthermore, it includes checks and modifications for achievement of required cargo handing capability, quarters, hotel services, subdivision and stability standards, freeboard and tonnage measurement； all while considering the ship as part of a profitable trans
4、portation, industrial , or service system. Basic design encompasses both concept design and preliminary design. It results in the determination of major shop characteristics, permitting the preparation of initial cost estimates, In the overall design process, basic design if followed by contact desi
5、gn and detail design. Contract design, as its name implies, develops plans and specifications suitable for shipyard bidding and contract award. Well prepared contract plans and specifications will be clear and in sufficient detail to avoid costly contingency items and protect bidders from obscure or
6、 inadequate description of requirements. Detail design is the shipyards responsibility for further developing the contract plans as required to prepare shop drawings used for the actual constructions of the vessel. An understanding of the entire design sequence is essential to anyone seeking to deve
7、lop a basic design. The four steps involved are illustrated in the Design spiral,Evans(1959) as an iterative process working from mission requirements to a detail design, Fig.1.1. These steps are amplified further below: a. Concept design The very first effort, concept design, translates the mission
8、 requirements into naval architectural and engineering characteristics. Essentially, it embodies technical feasibility studies to determine such fundamental elements of the proposed ship as length, beam, depth, draft, fullness, power, or alternative sets of characteristics, all of which meet the req
9、uired speed, range, cargo cubic. The selected concept design then is used as a talking paper for obtaining approximate construction costs, which often determine whether or not to initiate the next level of development, the Preliminary design.、 b. Preliminary design A ship s preliminary design furthe
10、r refines the major ship characteristics affecting cost and performance. Certain controlling factors such as length, beam c. Contract design The contract design stage yields a set of plans and specifications which form an integral part of the shipbuilding contract document. It encompasses one or mor
11、e loops around the design spiral, thereby further refining the preliminary design. This stage delineates more precisely such features as hull form based on a 1 faired set of lines, powering based on model testing, sea keeping and maneuvering characteristics, the effect of number of propellers on hul
12、l form, structural details, use of different types of steel, spacing and type of frames. Paramount , among the contract design features, is a weight and center of gravity estimate taking into account the location and weight of each major item in the ship. The final general arrangement is also develo
13、ped during this stage. This fixes the overall volumes and areas of cargo, machinery, stores, fuel oil, fresh water, living and utility spaces and their interrelationship , as well as their relationship to other features such as cargo handling equipment, and machinery components. d. Detai Design The
14、final stage of ship design is the development of detailed working plans. These plans are the installation and construction instruction to the metal workers, machinery vendors, pipe fitters, etc. As such, they are not considered to be a part of the basic design) process. One unique element to conside
15、r in this stage of the design is that up to this point, each phase of the design is passed from one engineering group to another. At this stage the interchange is from engineer to artisan, that is, the engineers product at this point is no longer to be interpreted, adjusted, or corrected by any othe
16、r engineer. This development will form a basis to obtain shipyard prices within a predetermined price range that will result in an efficient ship with the requisite performance characteristics. 船舶设计简介 定义 术语“基本设计”是指对影响造价和性能的船舶主要参数的确定。因此，基本设计包括船舶主尺度、船体线型、动力（数量和种类）的选取，以及船体、机械设备和主要结构的布置。恰当的选取可保证达到设计任务书的
17、要求，例如良好的耐波性能，操纵性，预期的速度，续航力，舱容和载重量。进一步讲，基本设计还包括校核和修改，以满足货物装卸能力，居位舱，客房设施，分舱和稳性标准，干舷和吨位测量，所有这些都是将船舶当成运输、工业化或服务系统的一部分。 基本设计包含概念设计和初步设计，可以确定船舶主要技术参数，为造价初步估 计做准备。再整个设计过程中，基本设计之后紧接着就是合同设计和详细设计。合同设计，顾名思义，需要做出图纸和详细说明书，以便船厂去投标和签约。一套良好的合同图纸和详细说明书应当是非常清晰和详细的，以避免高成本的偶然性项目，并使投标者不出现模糊不请的或不充分的描述。详细设计师船厂进一步完善合同设计的重要
18、任务，以准备施工图用于船舶实际建造。 a 概念设计 概念设计作为整个设计的第一阶段，是将任务书要求转换为船舶建造工程参数。它基本上包括技术可行性研究，确定船舶的基本参数如船长，船宽，船深，吃水，丰满度，动力，或可供选择的参数方案，所以这些应满足所要求的航速，航程，货舱舱容和载重量。这包括基于曲线、公式经验而进行的空船重量初步估算。在这一阶段，通常进过参数分析而进行多方案设计以寻求最经济的设计方案，或者任何其它控制也纳入考虑之中以确定最优方案。确定下来的概念设计就做为讨论文件以获得近似的建造成本，不论是否启动下一阶段的设计 初步设计。 b 初步设计 船舶的初步设计将进一步优化那些影响造价和性能的
19、传播主要参数。一些控制 参数如船长，船宽，功率和载重量，在该阶段完成之后不宜再变更。初步设计完成后将为船舶提供一个准确的描述，能够满足任务书要求，并为合同设计图纸和说明书提供基础支撑。 C 合同设计 合同设计阶段提供了一系列图纸和说明书，形成了一套船舶建造合同文件。它包括围绕设 2 计螺旋的一个或多个环节，因为对初步设计作进一步优化。这一阶段更加准确地描绘船舶特征，如基于一套光滑线组成的船体线型，基于模型试验的主机功率匹配，船舶耐波性与操纵性，螺旋 桨数量对型线的影响，结构细节，不同类型钢材的使用，肋骨间距和形式等。再合同涉及元素中最重要的是考虑了船舶各个主要分段设备的重量及其位置之后的船舶重
20、量与重心的估算。最终的总布置图也是在这一阶段确定下来，这就将总体积、货物区域、机器设备、储物设备、燃油、淡水、居住与公用舱室以及几何相互关系固定下来。还包括与其它因素例如货物装卸装备、机器设备等的关系也都确定下来。 d 详细设计 船舶设计的最后阶段是绘制详细的施工图。这些图纸是供船舶装配工、焊工、舾装工人、金属制造工、主机供货方、管件工使用的安装与 建造说明。这些图纸不属于基本设计过程的一部分。这一设计阶段的唯一共同之处是设计的每一阶段均从一个设计组传递到另一个设计组。在此阶段，交换仅限于设计工作于技术工人之间，也就是说，一个设计工程师的设计不再由任何其他工程师进行评判、调整或修改。这个设计必须明确表达希望的最终结果，并且是可制造的和可操作的。 注：摘自 ,R.T.Taggart,The SNAME.One World center,New York,NY,1980 指导教师审阅意见 ： 指导教师： 年 月 日
