1、PDF外文：http:/ 1 英文文献 : SMART CARD for SMART CAMPUS KFUPM Case Study Tala1 Halawani and Mohamed Mohandes King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals mohandeskfuum.edu. Sa Abstract Smart card is the latest addition in the world of information technology. The vision of the smart car
2、d program is to provide access to services that is secure, fast,friendly, easy to use, flexible, personal, and is accessible by the users kom anyplace at any time. A smart card is of the size of a conventional credit card with an embedded computer chip that stores and transacts data between users an
3、d devices. This data is associated with either value or information or both and is stored and processed within the chip of the card. The card data is transacted via a card reader attached to a computing system as a peripheral device. Smart cards are extensively used through several key applications
4、like education, healthcare, banking, entertainment, and transportation. 1. Introduction Smart card is a mini-computer capable of storing and processing data. Although, at -present, they are most popular as single-function cash cards and long-distance calling cards, their capabilities range fro
5、m retaining tickets, money, frequent flyer miles, travel preferences, insurance information, key demographic data, links to a patients medical records, to allowing access into a building, logging onto a network, etc. The potential of the smart card is limitless. With the added bonu
6、s of these functions being performed on a single card, smart cards have the ability to become indispensable tools. Smart cards were first introduced in Europe a couple of decades ago as a stored 2 value tool for pay phones to reduce theft I. As smart cards and other chip-based ca
7、rds advanced, people found new ways to use them, such as charging cards for credit purchases and for record keeping in place of paper. Smart cards provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity. They provide protection against a full range of security threats, kom careless storage of user
8、 passwords to sophisticated system hacks. Smart card can be multi-functional through the use of several applications stored on the card. This paper starts with the history of smart cards and describes the different types of smart cards with characteristics of each type. Finally, the paper will detai
9、l KFUPM smart card system as an important case study in the field. 2. The History of Smart Cards The first plastic payment card for general use was issued by the Dinners Club in 1950. At first the cards functions were quite simple 2. They initially served as data carriers that were secure against fo
10、rgery and tampering. General information, such as the card issuers name, was printed on the surface while personal data elements, such as the cardholders name and the card number were embossed. Further more, many cards bad a signature field. Protection against forgery was provided by visual fe
11、atures. Therefore, the systems security depended completely on the retail staff accepting the cards. However, this was not an overwhelming problem due to the cards initial exclusivity. There was a pressing need for machine-readable cards to reduce handling cost in addition to the fact that card issu
12、ers losses due grew from year to year due to fraud 2. The first improvement consisted of a magnetic strip on the back of the card. This allowed digital data to be stored on the card in a machine-readable form as a supplement to the visual data. Additionally, security is enhanced by the use of a secr
13、et personal identification number (PIN) that is compared to a reference number stored in the magnetic strip 3. Although the embossed card with a magnetic strip is still the most commonly used type of payment card, they suffer from a severe weakness in that data stored on the strip can be read,
14、 deleted and rewritten by anyone with access to the appropriate equipment. 3 PIN must be stored in the host system in a secure environment, instead of on the magnetic strip. Most systems that employ magnetic strip cards have on-line connections to the systems host computer for security
15、reasons. However, this generates considerable data transmission costs. The development of the smart card, combined with the expansion of electronic data processing has created completely new possibilities for solving this problem. Progress in microelectronics in the 1970s made it possible to integra
16、te data storage and arithmetic logic on a single silicon chip measuring a few square millimeters 2. The ideas of incorporating such an integrated circuit into an ID card was contained in a patent application filed in Japan by Kunitaka Arimura in Japan concerning “a plastic card incorporating one or
17、more integrated circuit chips for the generationof distinguishing signals” in1970 3. However, the first real progress in the development of smart cards came when Ronal Moreno registered his smart card patent on “an independent electronic object with memory” in France in 1974. A breakthrough was achi
18、eved in 1984, when the French telecommunication authorities decided to use prepaid chip cards for public pay phones due to the increasing vandalism and theft. Chip cards were demonstrated to be a cost effective solution. The French example was followed by many other countries. Today, more than 100 c
19、ountries use chip cards for their public phone systems. By 1990 the total number of smart cards reached 60 million cards 4. Today, several billion smart cards are in use worldwide. 3. Types of Smart Cards Smart cards are composed of a chip, an interface between the chip and the card reader, and a pl
20、astic body. Smart cards are classified according to the chip type； memory chip cards as well as microprocessor chip cards. They can also be classified according to the method of communication with the reader. Cards may communicate with readers either through direct physical contacts (contact cards) or through a radio kequency signals (contactless cards).
