1、 外文原文： monolithic integrated circuit composition Monolithic confidential automatically completes the computation, which should it have most important part? We take operate an abacus as the example computation together arithmetic topic. Example: 36 + 163156 - 16634. Now must carry on the operation, f
2、irst needs an abacus, next is the paper and the pen. We the question which must calculate record, then first step calculates first 163156, with the result which 36 adds together records it on the paper, then the computation 16634, then subtracts it from the previous result, obtains the final result.
3、 Now, we use the monolithic integrated circuit to complete the above process, obviously, it first must have replaces the abacus to carry on the operation the part, this is the logic unit； Next, must have can play to the paper and the pen role component, namely can remember the primitive topic, the p
4、rimary data and the intermediate result, but also must remember causes the monolithic function automatically to carry on each kind of order which the operation but establishes. This kind of component is called the memory. In addition, but also needs to have can replace the controller which the human
5、 affects, it can act according to the order which beforehand assigns to send out each kind of control signal, enables the entire computation process one to carry on step by step. But the light has these three parts to be also insufficient, the primitive data and the order needs to input, the computa
6、tion result must output, all needs according to in turn to carry on successively, sometimes also must wait for. Like on in example, when when computation 163156, the numeral 36 cannot at the same time enter the logic unit. Therefore needs to establish on the monolithic integrated circuit according t
7、o the controller order carries on the movement the gate, when the logic unit needs, lets the recent data enter. Or, when the logic unit obtains the final output, again this result output, but the intermediate result cannot be casual slips away the monolithic integrated circuit. This kind to inputs,
8、the output data carries on the certain management the gate the electric circuit to be called the mouth in the monolithic integrated circuit (Port). In the monolithic integrated circuit, basically has three kind of information in to flow, a kind is a data, namely each kind of primary data (for exampl
9、e on in example 36, 163 and so on), intermediate result (for example 16634 obtained business 4, complement of a number 30 and so on), procedure (order set) and so on. This must pass the mouth by the external instrumentation to enter the monolithic integrated circuit, again deposits in the memory, in
10、 the operation treating processes, the data carries on the operation from the memory read-in logic unit, the operation intermediate result must store in the memory, or finally passes through the access by the logic unit to output. The user wants each kind of order which the monolithic integrated cir
11、cuit carries out (procedure) also by the data form by the memory to send in the controller, (decoding) becomes each kind of control signal after controller , in order to carries out like adds, reduces, while, eliminates and so on function each kind of order. Therefore, this kind of information is ca
12、lled the control command, namely controls the logic unit by the controller one to carry on the operation and processing step by step, also controls the memory to read (takes out data) and writes (log data) and so on. The third kind of information is the address information, its function is tells the
13、 logic unit and the controller takes the order fetching in where according to, finally will deposit to any place, through which mouth input and output information and so on. The memory divides into the read-only memory and the read-write memory two kinds, former depositing debugs the fixed routine a
14、nd the constant, latter deposits some to have the data as necessary which the possibility changes. As the name suggests, the read-only memory once stores the data, only can read out, cannot change (EPROM, E2PROM of the same kind ROM may change, read in data - editor through certain method to pour).
15、But the read-write memory may store or the readout as necessary. In fact, the people often are called the logic unit and the controller merge central processing element - CPU. The monolithic integrated circuit besides carries on the operation, but also must complete the control function. Therefore c
16、annot leave counts with fixed time. Therefore, has the timer concurrently counter in the monolithic integrated circuit on the establishment, its basic structure with this serializes (2) center to give an example to be similar. To here up to, we had already known the monolithic integrated circuit bas
17、ic composition, namely the monolithic integrated circuit was by the central processor (namely in the CPU logic unit and controller), the read-only memory (usual expression is ROM), the read-write memory (called stochastic memory usual expression is RAM), the input/The outlet (also divides into the p
18、arallel mouth and the serial mouth, the expression is I/O) and so on composition. In fact inside the monolithic integrated circuit also has a clock electric circuit, causes the monolithic integrated circuit when carries on the operation and the control, all can have the rhythm to carry on. Moreover,
19、 but also has the interruption system so-called, this system has the reception room function, when when the monolithic integrated circuit controlled member parameter arrives the condition which some needs to perform to intervene, may pass through this the reception room the notification to give CPU,
20、 causes CPU to act according to exterior situation the things have their order of priority to adopt suitably deals with the measure. Now, we already had known the monolithic integrated circuit composition, how -odd under question was connects theirs each part the interdependence the whole? In fact,
21、the monolithic integrated circuit interior has to connect them the link, namely so-called internal main line. This main line has like the big city the yang or male principle, but CPU, ROM, RAM, I/O, the interruption system and so on distributes in this the main line both sides, and connect with it.
22、Thus, all instructions, the data all may pass through the internal main line transmission, has like in the big city each kind of goods transmission all to carry on after the yang or male principle. Second section monolithic integrated circuit command system and assembly language procedure Front alre
23、ady narrated the monolithic integrated circuit several main constituent, these parts constituted the monolithic integrated circuit hardware. The so-called hardware (Hardware), is looks obtains, traces entity which obtains. But, the light has such hardware, but also only had the realization computati
24、on and the control function possibility. Monolithic confidential can carry on the computation and the control truly, but also must have the software (Software) coordination. The software mainly refers is each kind of procedure. Only then each kind of correct procedure (stores) the monolithic integra
25、ted circuit, it can effectively work. The monolithic integrated circuit therefore can automatically carry on the operation and the control, is precisely because the human calculates the realization the step which and controls one step by step with the order form, namely a strip instruction (Instruct
26、ion) stores in advance to the memory in, the monolithic integrated circuit under the CPU control, takes out instruction strip place, and performs to translate and the execution. On adds together this simple operation by two numbers to say, after needs to operate the number has stored the memory, but
27、 also needs to carry on following several step: First step: (Location) center takes out the first number from its storage unit, delivers to the logic unit. Second step: In the storage unit which is at from it takes out the second integer, delivers to the logic unit； Third step: Adds together； Fourth
28、 step: Result which adds together, delivers unit which assigns to the memory in. All these fetching, delivers the number, adds together, the balance and so on all is one kind of operation (Operation), we request each kind which the computer carries out to hold the function order the form to write do
29、wn, this is an instruction. How but can distinguish and carry out these operations? This is by designs the personnel in the design monolithic machine-hour to entrust with its command system to decide. An instruction, is corresponding one kind of elementary operation eo； The monolithic integrated cir
30、cuit can carry out the complete instruction, is this monolithic integrated circuit command system (Iustruction Set), the different type monolithic integrated circuit, its command system is also different. Uses the monolithic machine-hour, beforehand must the question which must solve form a series o
31、f instructions. These instructions must be the designation monolithic function recognition and the execution instruction. The monolithic integrated circuit user for solves the instruction procedure which own question arranges, is called the source program (Source Program). The instruction usually di
32、vides into the operation code (Opcode) and the operand (Operand) two major parts. The operation code expressed the computer carries out any operation, namely instruction function； The operand expressed the participation operation number or operation number is at the address (namely operand deposits
33、place serial number). Because the monolithic integrated circuit is one kind of programmable component, recognizes the binary code (0, 1). Wants the monolithic integrated circuit operation, in monolithic integrated circuit system all instructions, all must express by the binary code form. For example
34、, in Intel in Corporations MCS - 51 series monolithic integrated circuits, takes out a number from the memory to the CPU in accumulator (in logic unit, participation operation, depositing operation result special-purpose register) the instruction-code is 74H, the accumulator content adds the number
35、code is 24H immediately, in addition immediately the number code, the accumulator delivers the number to the internal RAM memory code is F6H F7H and so on. These instructions are express the binary machine code with the hexadecimal system. The MCS - 51 monolithic integrated circuits word lengths are 8, sometimes, had to complete certain holds affects a byte still not to be able fully to express. Therefore,
