1、 本科毕业设计 英 文 翻 译 系 （院）：土木工程 专业方向： 班 级： 学 号： 姓 名： 指导教师： 日 期： 1 Civil Engineering Civil engineering is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to
2、rocket launching facilities. Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities
3、 such as airport, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to self-containe
4、d communities. The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Seaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineer has often been used to refer to engi
5、neers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader. Scope Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills pf many kinds of civil engineer specialties may be needed. When a project begins,
6、the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who experiment to determine if the earth can bear the weight of project. Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area, the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the projects impact on local animal and plant life, and
7、how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, str
8、uctural specialists raise preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplied
9、by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work 2 to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified. Many civil engineers, among them the top people in the field, work in des
10、ign. As we have seen, civil engineers work on many different kinds of structures, so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind. In designing buildings, engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firms. Dams, bridges, water supply systems, and othe
11、r large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a system engineer who is in charge of the entire project. In many cases, engineers from other disciplines are involved. In a dam project, for example, electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the power
12、house and its equipment. In other cases, civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field； in the space program, for instance, civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities. Throughout any given proj
13、ect, civil engineers make extensive use of computers. Computes are used to design the projects various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manger it. Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of dat
14、a needed in determining the best way to construct a project. Structural engineering In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridges dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, tra
15、nsmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist, its own weight, wind and hurricane forces temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquak
16、es. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, stone, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials. Water resources engineering Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prev
17、ent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting navigation.
