1、Strategies and Sustainability Consideration in HighriseBuilding - A Malaysian Case Study. ABSTRACT ： High-rise building is a growing phenomenon in many cities around the world. If international building and urbanization trends are any indication, more and more people the world over will have to live
2、 and work in high-rise building due to the lack of developable land in the urban area. Tall buildings also provide a sensible solution for sustaining a high-density development by optimizing the use of air space while relieving more ground floor space for amenity and greenery. This paper is focusing
3、 on a case study in Kuala Lumpur in the form of a proposed mixed development designed by the author in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The total gross floor area of the project is about 400,000 square meter or 4.3 million square feet. It is consisting of a car park and retail cum commercial podium with five
4、 tower blocks ranging from 37 stories to 77 stories consisting of offices, condominiums and service apartments. The proposed project is situated in a very interesting part of town. The development is partially to be built above the Klang River that runs through the heart of Kuala Lumpur. On the sout
5、h of the river is the established part of Kuala Lumpur with building such as Petronas Twin Tower which until recently was the tallest building in the world. On the north of the river is Kampung Baru, an area mostly neglected in the overall development of the city. This project will use the opportuni
6、ty of building across the river to connect two parts of the city together and helps to speed up the physical and social development of Kampung Baru which is lack behind the rest of the city in the overall development of the city. A number of design principles for the tropical high-rise prototype are
7、 explored in this project beginning with the study of suns path and geometry. Many environmentally friendly devices such as sky terrace, sky garden and open to sky central court are introduced. The project also looks at the aspect of climatically appropriate form for the high-rise building in the ho
8、t-humid tropical climate. On the issues of architectural planning, this project is also planned as “cities in the tropical sky”, with carefully planned sky garden at podium and roof levels, sky pedestrian linkages, public zones, a wide variety of uses, stunning vistas and a sense of place extended u
9、pwards. During the early 1980s, increasing urban migration to the cities of Kuala Lumpur and a rising middle-class population resulted in an extraordinary demand for mass residential housing in Malaysia, ranging from high-end and luxury bungalows for upper income people, medium-cost linkhouses to lo
10、w-cost apartments and condominiums for middle and lower income people respectively. Infact not only the population of Kuala Lumpur expand, but outside the capital residential development expanded rapidly to cope with the demand for housing. Mass housing implies housing on a large scale. It is a chal
11、lenge to provide mass housing and residential designs that are interesting, user-oriented, personalized, image giving, architecturally innovative, pleasing and at the same time cost effective. Since housing is for a group of people, the designers task is to ensure that the majoritys needs are fulfil
12、led. 1.Social Consideration It is important to understand the housing design requirements especially in a multiracial society like Malaysia, where the diverse cultures and races as well as various income groups demand different housing solution. 1.1 Racial Groups There are three major races in Malay
13、sia: Malay, Chinese and Indian. Each has distinctive cultural practice and traditions. However, having lived together in the country for more than three decades since Independence in 1957, a great deal of integration has taken place. In cities, where Western influence is most obvious, the diversity
14、in life expressed through preference of housing needs between several racial groups has lessen. In fact, in this urban context, the main factors that categories various housing groups are the income level rather than racial differences. Income level determines the scope of choice. The higher the inc
15、ome levels； the wider and more flexibles would be the housing choice. Likewise, as the economic level of a housing group reduces, the housing choice would be more basic and restrictive. 1.2 Density Density is normally measured either in number of units per acre or number of persons per acre. In Kual
16、a Lumpur, density at 60 persons per acre or equivalent to 20 units per acre would be considered to be average. In the city center of Kuala Lumpur nowadays, density of up to 400 persons per acre, equivalent to 134 units per acre or more is becoming common. Density determines the housing forms and bui
17、ldings types. Certain configuration would be able to achieve higher density. However, this would leave minimum open space for recreational use. Information such as this would allow us to formulate development and design decisions. 1.3 Climatic Considerations 1.3.1 Orientation Most of the Malaysian f
18、avored orientation to the north-south direction to minimize solar penetration into the living quarters. East orientation is also desirable as this direction is considered to be tolerable since the morning sun is not as hot as the afternoon sun. Features such as overhangs, hoods or even balconies sho
19、uld be provided to serve as shading devices. 1.3.2 Ventilation This is a very important consideration in the Malaysian context where the climate is both hot and humid. For reason of comfort and economy, natural ventilation is always preferred and provided to all useable and habitable rooms. 1.4 Hous
20、ing Estate in Kuala Lumpur Since the late 1970s, housing developments have mushroomed in all parts of the country particularly in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The housing projects are all home to ten of thousands of people who either work in the surrounding areas or who commute daily to the nations cap
21、ital, Kuala Lumpur. The design and planning of houses built in the many township across the country is fairly standard and similarly. Derive from the planning of the 18th century shophouses, the deep designs of the typical units often result in a lack of adequate daylight and natural ventilation in
22、the inner spaces. This rapid in-migration resulted in the growth of squatter areas in major towns, which were characterized by over-crowding, poor living conditions and inadequate amenities. The inadequate of land, amenities and services in this case exacerbate the poor housing condition. During 198
23、4 various regulation were imposed, Uniform Building By-laws to ensure that clerestory windows and high-volume spaces were incorporated in the design to circumvent these inadequacies. Most, however were implemented purely to satisfy the by-law requirements without any serious thought to the practical
24、ly and workability of such elements. 2. Vernacular Architecture 2.1 Bungalows The bungalow in Malaysia refers to a much more substantial detached house. As in a Malay Village, the typical bungalow and its cluster of ancillary buildings were set in large compound, emerged as a large, airly, detached,
25、 two-storey house. Constructed of timber or brick, covered by a hipped pantile roof with a porte-cochere. The main building usually connected to the kitchen and servants quarters by means of a covered walkway, forming an I-shaped plan. Around all sides of the house was a series of full-length window
26、s with moulded reveals, timber shutters and balustrade rails. The surrounding compound was planted with tropical produce. Trend however, was very much set by the suburban lifestyle of the Europeans. The true colonial bungalow was taken to new heights by European settlers such as government, official
27、s, merchants and planters. Set in extensive gardens, this house tended to be dignified and plain, with deep verandah protected by bamboo chiks and constructed using the best timber from the Malaysia forest. As soon as plumbing was introduced, large bathrooms were installed. Houses like this today are beyond the
