1、 1 Underground structure Construction of rock or soil in the construction. It is a modern city of high-speed product development, the city will again ease the contradictions of the role to improve the living environment, but also opened up new human life. Rational development and utilization of huma
2、n natural and artificial excavation of the underground space, not only help to ease the development of modern urban contradictions, to improve the living environment, but also to open up a new human life. Because of the large-scale development of underground construction, underground architecture is
3、 taking shape, its research includes the history of development of underground construction and development of underground space development and utilization of underground space in urban planning, various types of underground construction planning and design, as well as underground construction and
4、related environmental, physiological, psychological and technical issues. Underground construction has a good protective performance, better thermal stability and confined, as well as an integrated economic, social and environmental benefits. Underground construction in a certain thickness of rock o
5、r soil, you can avoid or reduce nuclear weapons, conventional weapons, chemical and biological weapons of destruction, while at the same time more effectively to resist earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters. Underground construction in and around the confined environment of relatively
6、stable existence of the temperature field, temperature, or for creating ultra-clean manufacturing environment and at low temperatures or under high-temperature storage of materials, pollution prevention, especially for energy conservation as well. In the city planned the construction of underground
7、construction, urban 2 land use for savings, lower building density, to improve urban transportation, the expansion of green space, reduce urban pollution and improve the quality of urban life, etc., can play an important role. Underground construction also has shortcomings, such as construction cost
8、s are high, the construction complicated. A Brief History of the development of underground ancient times, humans have been anti-years use of natural caves, and shelter to escape the beast. Zhoukoudian in China found that more than 50 million years ago, Peking Man lived in caves in the natural. Acco
9、rding to Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture found in archaeological sites, to prove that since 7000 5000 years ago, began living dug caves, from the simple bag-shaped to round or square semi-crypt, above the roof of a simple. Later, the beginning of the construction of housing on the ground, cave
10、 gradually ceased to be the main mode of living human beings. However, the ancient tombs on the ground in accordance with the construction method in underground construction. Some grain is also built in the ground, such as the Sui Dynasty in Luoyang warehouse containing Kerry. Northwest China, North
11、 China Loess Plateau region, as a result of excavation loess and climate-friendly dry cave tradition continues to this day. Estimated that there are still more than 35 million population live in the cave. After the industrial revolution, as a result of mining and the development of transport, mines,
12、 roadways, highways, tunnels, railway tunnels have been built. London, England in 1863 into a city of the worlds first underground railway. During World War II, the protection of underground construction in the superiority of attention, some veterans of the important military installations and arms
13、factories, warehouses, etc., built in the ground, and the construction of the air-raid shelter for the residents. Since the late 50s, as a result of economic development and scientific and technological progress, the rapid increase in 3 urban population, the increasingly serious environmental pollut
14、ion, energy crisis and the existence of the danger of war and other factors, underground construction in Japan, the United States, Sweden, the Federal Republic of Germany , France, Switzerland, Norway, Canada, China, the Soviet Union and many other countries, with high speed and large-scale developm
15、ent. Due to geographical, social development, economic development and strategic direction of the differences in thinking, the development of underground construction and the starting point to solve the different conflicts. At present, the world has more than 80 cities in the construction of an unde
16、rground railway, as well as many cities are under construction. China, the Soviet Union, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland and other countries from the combat readiness requirements of the construction of a large number of underground civil air defense projects, some in peacetime for the use of various t
17、ypes of public buildings. Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany and France, land of smaller, highly concentrated in big cities, city highlights various contradictions, so the construction of the ground floor of a large number of high-speed transportation network and the Mass Transit Street, the und
18、erground commercial center. The United States from the mid-70s to the ground floor of the building as energy-saving measures, the development of a semi-underground soil building, with the exception of the need to stay out of the plane, Chaoyang, housing all the other parts of the soil with a certain
19、 thickness of buried or covered combined with the use of solar energy to obtain more than 50% of energy-saving effect. Lack of national energy use of a large number of underground storage of energy as a strategic reserve, such as Sweden, Finland and other countries blocked the construction of the groundwater oil (or gas) are a large-scale database, a single storage capacity has more than one million cubic meters. Sweden, Norway, Italy and other countries rich in
