1、Technology change and environmental management for cement manufacturing and Industrial pollution control in Peru Abstract:This article mainly introduced some research results made by USA In the cement industry pollution control, and in Peru, for example, analyzed the important influence that cement
2、industrial pollution for a government. key words :pollution control cement industry industry pollution environmental management Historically, the cement industry has been challenged with the requirement of improving its manufacturing process while reducing its footprint on the environment. At the sa
3、me time, global competition poses more challenges to improving the bottom line of the business. Research and development of pollution abatement technology for cement manufacturing is key for effectively operating in this new environment. These new technological advancements compete against establish
4、ed technologies when cement manufacturers evaluate different pollution prevention strategies.；This research developed a quantitative tool to benchmark various technologies available to produce Portland cement in the United States. The model Technology Change Evaluation for the Cement Industry (TCECI
5、) was developed to achieve this goal considering a full cost approach. Several production scenarios were designed and evaluated to represent the current and potential future conditions of the cement industry in the United States. The decision making process to select the Best Available Technology (B
6、AT) for cement manufacturing in the United States considered the minimization of the private and the total cost (i.e., including private and social costs) under different multi-pollutant approaches. One of these approaches considered the minimization of carbon dioxide emissions from the calcination
7、of raw materials and the combustion of the fuel from cement manufacturing. These emissions were estimated for each production scenario considering an emission tax scheme and an emission allowance trading program.；The most relevant result obtained from this research is the integration of environmenta
8、l and social aspects of cement making into the current decision making process for technology change. This integration led to production alternatives with improved environmental, social and economic performance. Additionally, the results of this research indicate that the current technology mix for
9、cement manufacturing in the United States limits the feasibility of new cement plants when considering the full cost approach. However, the results of the analysis indicate that the implementation of BAT in existing plants (under the conditions and characteristics assumed by the TCECI model) improve
10、s their overall economic and environmental performance. The reduction estimated for the full cost ranged from 19% to 22% while comparing the baseline scenario for the year 2004 with a multipollutant approach (i.e., in 2004 dollars per ton of clinker, $50 -production scenario No. 8- and $48 -producti
11、on scenario No. 7- versus $61 from the baseline scenario).；Finally, the results also indicate that within the limited sample of production scenarios considered there is large variability in the estimated uncertainty of the costs associated with the production of cement, the air emissions reported fr
12、om the production process and the performance data from available technologies for pollution control and process optimization. The differences of the social costs estimated for each production scenario were found statistically more significant when considering the effect of the use of alternative fu
13、els (i.e., tire fuel instead of coal) than the effect of a more stringent regulatory environment.；Since performance data for control technologies and air emissions are becoming more important to private and public policy decision making, it is recommended that the Environmental Protection Agency and
14、 the cement industry treat uncertainty explicitly, by means of adopting standardized measurement and reporting methodologies for air emissions among other relevant measures. The absence of reliable and comprehensive systems of monitoring industrial pollution has been an obstacle for better environme
15、ntal management in developing countries. Peru is not an exception. While there is some progress in environmental protection, industrial pollution control is lagging behind. This research assesses priorities in industrial pollution control in Peru, identifies sectors deserving most attention by the p
16、olicy-maker to better allocate scarce resources, and proposes cost-effective industrial pollution policies.；Priority sectors are identified based on their contribution to total industrial pollution. This is achieved by applying the World Banks Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS) with origi
17、nal firm-level data from the Peruvian Ministry of Industry. Among the priority sectors, which are essentially the same for Lima and Callao and the Provinces, two are selected: cement and chemicals.；To estimate an industrial pollution baseline in Peru is virtually impossible due to the absence of mon
18、itoring. This research uses unpublished results from the only scientific survey of effluents and emissions for Peruvian industries (1997) to estimate a baseline for the cement and chemicals sectors. The difference between the targets and the observed levels of pollution is significant, but concentra
19、ted on key pollutants. Three policies are proposed for priority sectors and key pollutants: (1) current standards for the cement sector； (2) modified standards for the cement sector and new standards for the chemicals sector； and (3) a combination of standards and pollution charges. These policies w
20、ere evaluated using a cost-savings framework, estimating potential savings of applying market-based instruments vs. command and control mechanisms. Sectoral abatement costs are calculated using World Bank estimates and Peruvian plant-level data from the Ministry of Industry. The policy that includes
21、 a market-based instrument is considered the least-cost option for both sectors.；Empirically, this research provides projected industrial pollution intensities and sectoral pollution data for Peru, which will aid future research. In addition to providing unique data on industrial abatement costs, it calculates cost-savings for market-based instruments vs. command and control mechanisms. This dissertation also identifies opportunities for future industrial pollution control in Peru.
