1、毕业设计（ 外文翻译 ） 1 Production Systems Design The design of a production system starts with the design of the product to be manufactured. Figure 6. 1 describes a typical sequence of steps starting with a product design concept that culminates in a final product design for manufacture. Product engineers a
2、re those individuals in a manufacturing organization most familiar with the function of a product.and the customers changing needs relative to that product. Figure 6. 1 The design manufacturing Interface. Arts-Way Manufacturing is a manufacturer of farm machinery in Armstrong, Iowa. As soon as the b
3、eet harvesting season comes to an end at the end of summer, Arts Way product engineering and marketing personnel evaluate their most recent harvester design successes and any unique conditions or problems that affected the performance of their equipment. Theres nothing like a harvest to bring to lig
4、ht the strengths and weaknesses of a harvester design. As soon as the harvester performance information is collected and evaluated and customer and dealer Inputs have been reviewed. it is likely that design improvements and 毕业设计（ 外文翻译 ） 2 related engineering tests will begin immediately for an impro
5、ved harvester product to be available for next summer. The more mature is the design. the fewer design changes that will likely be developed during the next improvement cycle. This is the kind of interest a small manufacturer has in its products that no amount of central planning in the Soviet econo
6、my could have ever successfully duplicated, The Russians should talk to the people in Armstrong, Iuwa, and watch them analyze, design. And make harvesters if they want to learn how to make farm machinery the American way. If all goes well, the nine months between harvests will provide sufficient tim
7、e to make the desired engineering tests,and to add design improvements needed before the release of material requisitions, so that next years improved harvesters will he ready in time, It is not uncommon that, as the time approaches to make material releases for the improved designs, product enginee
8、ring will beg for more time to run one more test. A saying in the. Architectural and Engineering (A&E) business often applies in this situation: Sooner or later you have to shoot the engineer and build the building. The best compromise often is for some product improvements to wait for next years pr
9、oduct design. It will be noted in reviewing Figure 6. 1 that much of the shove effort lies in interactions between product engineering, manufacturing engineering, and production. The manufacture of a new design is always a process of discovery. In Frederick W. Taylors days, the new design for a mach
10、ine element might be a line drawn on the molding shop floor, which the master mold maker would then use to produce a stronger machine element for the next test of. the machine. When the stronger part was molded. It would be Installed on the machine, the machine would run for some seconds, minuites,
11、or hours. And would fail again, often in a different place, and the process would be repeated. Ultimately, a machine design would evolve that would produce a machine that would run all the time. These machines were sold to customers. With todays perfected engineering knowledge it is much more likely
12、 that the design will perform as designed, if not the first time. with far fewer prototype redesigns. Expert systems and Taguchi methods, both to be discussed later in this text. Provide the means for doing a much better job today of optimizing both the product design in its underlying function and
13、identifying the best means of manufacture for producing a highquality. Reliable, and cost effective product. Computer-Aided Drafting and design (CADD) Whereas design may have been accomplished with a stick on the molding shop floor in Tailors time, CAD/CAE/CAM (computer-aided design, computer-aided
14、engineering ,computer-aided manufacturing) is becoming the preferred means today for producing designs. Most people think of CADD (computer-aided drafting and design) as simply electronic drafting, which greatly understates the computer revolution associated with the tasks implied in Figure 6. 1. Th
15、e following excerpt from a paper by Floyd concerning the use of CADD in the automotive industry provides some insight as to the overall comprehensiveness of the computer revolution in engineered product design today. CAD/CAE/CAM for the Automotive Industry Bryan Floyd Executive Manager Mechanical De
16、sign/Engigneering/Manunfacturing. Intergraph Corp 毕业设计（ 外文翻译 ） 3 Fully integrated design, engineering, and manufacturing. Automotive manufacturing is a complex business that integrates the efforts of many departments and disciplines. Tools that promote the integration of design, engineering, and man
17、ufacturing processes yield the greatest productivity benefits. Intergraph offers automakers the master model Concept a single Intelligent product definition that drives all aspects of development, from concept through production. Intergraphs tightly integrated systems eliminate intermediate transfer
18、 or re-entry of data between design. Analysis, and manufacturing phases. Additionally, all product development capabilities are simultaneously accessible through a single user interface, allowing engineers to combine functions, as needed, without changing environments, Conceptual design and styling.
19、 Intergraph systems provide advanced tools for conceptual design and automotive styling, with high-performance graphics for concept visualization and communication. I/DESIGN. Intergraphs Industrial design system. Includes high precision modeling and photo realistic rendering capabilities that aid in
20、 developing a functional, ergonomic, and aesthetic design. Precision geometric modeling. Automotive engineers require CAD/CAE/CAM modeling that ran precisely describe complex surfaces and completely model Intricate assemblies. Intergraph meets these demands with the Engineering Modeling System (I/EM
21、S). which isbased on highly accurate non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) mathematics. Intergraph is distinguished from other CAD/CAE/CAM vendors by offering advanced geometric modeling as a foundation for analysis and manufacturing.Solid modeling. When designing an automobile, engineers must know
22、Critical geometric properties including masses and displacement volumes that are only available with solid modeling techniques. Property calculations, such as volume, cross sectional area. radius of gyration, moments of Inertia. mass density, and others are included in I/EMS as standard functions su
23、pporting the sofwares solid modeling capability.Assembly design and configuration management. Automotive development depends on a wealth of application data for thousands of components. Intergraph provides Product Data Manager (I/PDM) as a complete system for controlling and managing access to the p
24、roduct database. Without regard for physical storage locations, file names. or operating system platforms. engineers can locate and retrieve data from any location on a heterogeneous network. Structural analysis. By simulating performance characteristics of designs before products are built, automak
25、ers complete designs in less time and reduce overdesign. Finite element analysis techniques help ensure compliance with performance standards and reduce the risk of failure in the field. These benefits are achieved with automatic and interactive meshing.Hadaptive refinement technology and integrated
26、 solver，and full postprocessing functions,all available with lntergraphs Finite Element Modeling (I/FEM system. Plastics design and analysis. When Integrated Into the mechanical design process, plastics design and analysis functions can improve the quality of plastic components, increase yield, and
27、reduce manufacturing cycle times. Plastics engineers can predict plastics behavior under molding conditions using the injection Flow Analysis (I/FLO) package. The FLOW model can then be used in conjunction with the Plastics Cooling Analysis (l/COOL) software to analyze heat transfer in cooling circuit layouts. By analyzing temperature distribution .Engineers can reduce distortion and cooling times for
