1、 For Indias human resource accounting research Tom Albright, India social science journals,2008.5 The past few decades have witnessed a global transition from manufacturing to service based economies. The fundamental difference between the two lies in the very nature of their assets. In the former,
2、the physical assets like plant, machinery, material etc. are of utmost importance. In contrast, in the latter, knowledge and attitudes of the employees assume greater significance. For instance, in the case of an IT firm, the value of its physical assets is negligible when compared with the value of
3、 the knowledge and skills of its personnel. Similarly, in hospitals, academic institutions, consulting firms etc., the total worth of the organization depends mainly on the skills of its employees and the services they render. Hence, the success of these organizations is contingent on the quality of
4、 their Human Resource- its knowledge, skills, competence, motivation and understanding of the organizational culture. In knowledge driven economies therefore, it is imperative that the humans be recognized as an integral part of the total worth of an organization. However, in order to estimate and p
5、roject the worth of the human capital, it is necessary that some method of quantifying the worth of the knowledge, motivation, skills, and contribution of the human element as well as that of the organizational processes, like recruitment, selection, training etc, which are used to build and support
6、 these human aspects, is developed. Success of corporate undertakings purely depends upon the quality of human resources. It is accentuated that； Human element is the most important input in any corporate enterprise. The investments directed to raise knowledge； skills and aptitudes of the work force
7、 of the organization are the investments in human resource. In this context, it is worth while to examine and human resource accounting practices in corporate sector in India. Human resource accounting is of recent origin and is struggling for acceptance.It is clearly said that, Human resources acco
8、unting is an accounting measurement system and a large body of literature has been published in the last decade setting for the various procedures for measurement. At the same time the theory and underlying concepts of accounting measurement have received sizeable attention from academics and a subs
9、tantial body of literature has developed. The conventional accountings of human resources are not recognized as physical or financial assets. What is needed is measurement of abilities of all employees in a company, at every level, to produce value from their knowledge and capability. “Human Resourc
10、e Accounting (HRA) is basically an information system that tells management what changes are occurring over time to the human resources of the business. HRA also involves accounting for investment in people and their replacement costs, and also the economic value of people in an organization,”say Dr
11、.R.SRINIVASAN, the director of strategic development-intercontinental operations, of indias human resource accounting leaders. The current accounting system is not able to provide the actual value of employee capabilities and knowledge. This indirectly affects future investments of a company, as eac
12、h year the cost on human resource development and recruitment increases. Dr.R.SRINIVASAN is a Post graduate in commerce and Management. He received his doctoral degree from Alagappa University in 1997. He currently teaches financial management and Research Methodology Subjects in Post graduate and R
13、esearch Department of Corporate Secretaryship at Bharathidasan Government College for Women (Autonomous), Pondicherry University, Puducherry. Before Joining BGCW, he was teaching in SNR College, Coimbatore, Sindhi college, Chennai& T.S.Narayanasamy College, Chennai for eight years. He was with the i
14、ndustry for a short term at Salzar Electronics Pvt. Ltd, Coimbatore. He has about 20 years of teaching experience and having research experience of 15 years. His interests are in Accounting and finance, Capital Market, Quantitative Methods. He underwent the Faculty Development Programme at Indian In
15、stitute of Management Ahmedabad during 2000-01. He has presented 20 papers in national and international conferences and has published twenty papers in the areas of Finance and Human resource Management in National Journals. Co-authored a book titled, Investors Protection, published by Raj Publicati
16、ons, New Delhi He has delivered lectures in contemporary finance topics at Pondicherry University. He has supervised a number of research projects in the area of corporate finance and Human Resource Management. In India the development of human resources accountancy plays play a very important role.
17、though Human Resources Accounting was introduced way back in the 1980s, it started gaining popularity in India after it was adopted and popularized by NLC. Human Resources accounting, also known as Human Asset Accounting, involved identifying, measuring, capturing, tracking and analyzing the potenti
18、al of the human resources of a company and communicating the resultant information to the stakeholders of the company. It was a method by which a cost was assigned to every employee when recruited, and the value that the employee would generate in the future. Human Resource accounting reflected the
19、potential of the human resources of an organization in monetary terms, in its financial statements. Even though the situation prevails, yet, a growing trend towards the measurement and reporting of human resources particularly in public sector is noticeable during the past few years. BHEL, Cement Co
20、rporation of India, ONGC, Engineers India Ltd., National Thermal Corporation, Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation, Madras Refineries, Oil India Ltd., Associated Cement Companies, SPIC, Metallurgical and Engineering consultants India Limited, Cochin Refineries Ltd. Etc. are some of the organizati
21、ons, which have started disclosing some valuable information regarding human resources in their financial statements. It is needless to mention here that, the importance of human resources in business organization as productive resources was by and large ignored by the accountants until two decades
22、ago. During the early and mid 1980s, behavioral scientists attacked the conventional accounting system for its failure to value the human resources of the organization along with its other material resources. In this changing perspective the accountants were also called upon to play their role by as
23、signing monetary value to the human resources deployed in the organization. Human Resource Accounting involves the dimension of cost incurred by the organization for all the personnel function. Hence the issue is to be addressed is how to measure the economic value of the people to the organization
24、and various cost based measures to be taken for human resources. The two main components of Human Resources Accounting were investment related to employees and the value generated by them. Investment in human capital included all costs incurred in increasing and upgrading the employees skill sets an
25、d knowledge of human resources. The output that an organization generated from human resources was regarded as the value of its human resources. Human Resources accounting is used to measure the performance of all the people in the organization, and when this was made available to the stakeholders i
26、n the form of a report, it helped them to take critical investment decisions.All the models stressed that human capital was considered an investment for future earnings, and not expenditure. For valuing human resources, different models have been developed. Some of them are opportunity cost Approach
27、, standard cost approach, current purchasing power Approach, Economic value approach,Lev and Schwartz present value of future earnings Model and Flam holtzs stochastic rewards valuation Models etc. Of these, the model suggested by Lev and Schwartz has become popular. Under this method, the future ea
28、rnings of the human resources of the organization until their retirement is aggregated and discounted at the cost of capital to arrive at the present value. About the Stochastic Rewards Model is a direct way of measuring a persons expected conditional value and expected realizable value. It is based
29、 on the assumption that an individual generates value as he occupies and moves along organizational roles, and renders service to the organization. It presupposes that a person will move from one state in the organization, to another, during a specified period of time. About the Economic value approach, value of an object, in economic terms, is the present value of the services that it is expected to render in future. Similarly, the economic value of human resources is the present worth of the services that they are likely to render in future. This may be
