1、中文2100字，1100单词，6300英文字符外文翻译之二 The attractiveness and competitiveness of tourist destinations: A study of Southern Italian regions 作者： Maria Francesca Cracolici and Peter Nijkamp 国籍： Italy 出处： Touri
2、sm Management, Volume 30, Issue 3, June 2009, Pages 336-344 原文正文： Abstract:The present paper aims to assess the relative attractiveness of competing tourist destinations on the basis of individual visitors' perceptions regarding a holiday destination. Using the feeling of tourist well-bein
3、g achieved by individual tourists we evaluate indirectly the competitive ability of the tourist area to offer a compound tourist site attractiveness. The methodology employed here uses individual survey questionnaires on the tourists' evaluation of the quality of tourist facilities and attribute
4、s in a given area (the regional tourist profile) as the basis for constructing an aggregate expression for the relative attractiveness of that area. Using various multidimensional statistical techniques an estimation of the competitive attractiveness of the Southern regions in Italy is pursued. We a
5、lso compare our findings with quantitative results on tourist competitiveness values obtained in a related previous study on tourist competitiveness in Italian regions. Finally, the paper highlights the need to use micro and macro data to analyse tourist attractiveness and to identify policies for i
6、mproving regional tourist competitiveness. Keywords: Tourist attractiveness； Tourist competitiveness； Resource based view； Multi-attribute utility； Principal component analysis 1. Introduction Discretionary time consumption has become an important activity for many people in a modern welfare society
7、. As a consequence, the leisure sector has become a prominent economic industry in the Western world. The rise in disposable income and in free time in recent decades has created the foundation for a new lifestyle, where recreation and tourism have become major elements of consumer behaviour. Today,
8、 in many regions and countries, tourism is regarded as one of the major growth industries that deserve due policy attention. Clearly, tourism has become a global socio-economic phenomenon in a mobile world. The new trend in modern tourism towards non-traditional and remote destinations is like
9、ly an expression of the passage from mass tourism to a new age of tourism, and illustrates a change in the attitudes and needs of many tourists towards tailor-made tourist facilities (FayosSol, 1996 and Poon, 1993). Nowadays, isolated or previously unknown destinations have become places to be explo
10、red, since they meet the tourists' expectations: namely, a unique or special leisure experience based on a specific tourist destination profile. A tourist destination (e.g. city, region or site) is at present often no longer seen as a set of distinct natural, cultural, artistic or environmental
11、resources, but as an overall appealing product available in a certain area: a complex and integrated portfolio of services offered by a destination that supplies a holiday experience which meets the needs of the tourist. A tourist destination thus produces a compound package of tourist services base
12、d on its indigenous supply potential. This may also create fierce competition between traditional destinations seeking to maintain and expand their market share and new destinations that are trying to acquire a significant and growing market share. The success of tourist destinations thus depends on
13、 their regional tourist competitiveness in terms of the attractiveness characteristics (or quality profile) that make up the tourist strength of a certain area (see also Agrawal, 1997, Butler, 1980 and Hovinen, 2002). The dynamic nature of tourist channel competition requires destinations to be able
14、 to combine and manage their tourist resources in order to gain competitive advantage (see Teece, Pisano, & Shuen, 1997). The new needs of tourists impose destinations constantly to reconfigure, gain, and dispose of attractive resource able to meet the demand of a shifting market. This has led t
15、o the concept of dynamic capabilities； viz. organisation's processes (in our case tourist destination) that “integrate, reconfigure, gain and release resources to match and even create market change” (Eisenhardt & Martin, 2000: p. 1107). In the tourist field competition among territorial are
16、as is usually not centred on the single aspects of the tourist product (environmental resources, transportation, tourism services, hospitality, etc.), but on the tourist destination as an integrated and compound set of tourist facilities for the client (Buhalis, 2000 and Ritchie and Crouch, 2000). A
17、s a consequence, destinations have to face the challenge of managing and organizing their scarce resources efficiently in order to supply a holiday experience that must outperform alternative destination experiences on the tourist market. Consequently, in the recent literature the analysis and measu
18、rement of tourist destination competitiveness have attracted increasing interest (Alavi and Yasin, 2000, Crouch and Ritchie, 1999, Enright and Newton, 2004, Kozak, 2002, Kozak and Rimmington, 1999, Ritchie and Crouch, 2000 and Ruhanen, 2007). Our study seeks to provide an assessment of the relative competitiveness of tourist regions based on an analysis of tourists' judgements or perceptions of attractiveness profiles of destination areas. We will apply this approach to micro-based data from the Southern Italian regions.
