1、 附录翻译 原文： DATABASE DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS) You know that a database is a collection of logically related data elements that may be structured in various ways to meet the multiple processing and retrieval needs of organization and individuals. Theres
2、nothing new about database - early ones were chiseled in stone, penned on scrolls, and written on index cards. But now database are commonly recorded on magnetizable media, and computer programs are required ti perform the nacessary storage and retrieval operations. You will see in the following pag
3、es that complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases. The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating, accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system (DBMS). The programs in a DBMS pac
4、kage establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.) A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capabili
5、ty enable decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurrong and unplanned questions that arent available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined, but people can browse through the database until they h
6、ave the needed information. In short, the DBMS will manage the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who arent programmers. In a file-oriented system, users needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer,
7、 who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availablity of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path. The management information system (MIS) concept has been defined in dozens of ways. Since one orga
8、nizations model of an MIS is differ from that of another, its not surprising that their MIS defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions. SQL AND SQL
9、 SERVER IBM invited a computer language back in the 1970s designed specifically for database queries called SEQUEL； those letters stand for Structured English Query Language. Over time, the language has been added to so that it is not just a language for queries, but can also build databases and man
10、age the database engines security.IBM released SEQUEL into the public domain, where it became known as SQL. Because of this heritage you can pronounce it sequel or spell it out S-Q-L. There are various versions of SQL used in todays database engines. Microsoft SQL uses a version called Transact-SQL,
11、 or T-SQL, which stands for Transaction SQL. What Is SQL Server? SQL Server is a client/server relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Transact-SQL to send requests between a client and SQL Server. Client/Server Architecture The terms client, server, and client/server can be used to
12、refer to very general concepts or to specific items of hardware or software. At the most general level, a client is any component of a system that requests services or resources from other components of a system. A server is any component of a system that provides services or resources to other comp
13、onents of a system. For example, when you print a document from your workstation on a net work, the workstation is the client and the machine that does the print spooling is the server. Any client/server data-based system consists of the following components: The Server - A collection of data items
14、and supporting objects organized and presented to facilitate services, such as searching, sorting, recombining, retriving, updating, and analyzing data. The database consists of the physical storage of data and the database services. All data access occurs through the server； the physical data is ne
15、ver accessed directly by the client. The client - A software program that might be used interactively by a person or that could be an automated process. This includes all software that interacts with the server, either requesting data from or sending data to the database. Examples are management uti
16、lities (those that are part of the SQL Server product as well as those bought separately), ad hoc query and reporting software, custom applications, off-the-shelf applications, and Web server-based applications. The Communication Between The Client And The Server - The communication between the clie
17、nt ang the server depends largely on how the client and server are implemented. Both physical and logical layers of communication can be identified. SQL Server Platforms The SQL Server version 7 server software runs only on the Windows 32-bit API-based operating systems, but you can use all of the operating system platforms to create and execute client applications.
