1、外文 文献 GIS software and data structures(bilingual) 1、 Arc/Info Arc/Info is a long-lived full functions GIS package that has been ported to the microcomputer, the workstation, and the mainframe. Arc/Info is used to automate, manipulate, analyze, and display geographic data and incorporates hundreds of
2、 sophisticated tools for map automation, data conversion, database management, map overlay and spatial analysis, interactive display and query, graphic editing, and address geocoding. The software includes a relational database interface for integration with commercial database management systems an
3、d macro language for developing customized applications called AML (ARC Macro Language). Arc/Info is a generic nonapplication specific approach to geographic information systems, allowing the software to address virtually any geographic application. The software runs both on higher and microcomputer
4、s and is available on several Unix workstations and for Windows NT. 2、 ArcView ArcView is available for Windows, Macintosh, and a variety of Unix platforms. It is a desktop system for storing, modifying, querying, analyzing, and displaying information about geographic space. Support for spatial and
5、tabular queries, “hot links” to other desktop applications and data types, business graphic functions such as charting, bar and pie charts, and map symbolization, desing, and layout capabilities are supported. Gocoding and address matching are also possible. ArcView is also a product of ESRI, who ma
6、kes Arc/Info. There is compatibility between the two systems, with ArcView being more oriented toward map display than database management. When the ArcView version II software was introduced, the original ArcView software was placed into the public domain and is available over the Internet. 3、 Atla
7、s GIS AtlasGIS is available for both DOS and as version 3.0 for Windows. The original vendor has recently sold the software to Clartas, which in turn was purchased in 1996 by ESRI. This GIS lets you display, edit, and analyze information from a database or spreadsheet on a map, and can turn statisti
8、cs and tabular data into graphics for decision-making and presentation purposes. Atlas GIS has a database management system with spreadsheet-style presentation, map editing, drawing tools, and reporting. Atlas GIS for Windows includes features that give SQL data access and street-level geocoding of
9、addresses. Interfacing with the Oracle DBMS is also possible. The graphics allow full-featured geographical analysis and integrated database connectivity. In recent comparative reviews, three GIS and computer magazines awarded AtlasGIS for Windows the highest rating in value and ease of use. The GUI
10、 builds on Windows to allow “point and click” access, a button bar, and a page layout system that displays the map automatically. Several map “style sheets” come with the program. Legends, titles, scale bars and other elements update automatically. A CD ROM of U.S. addresses allows nationwide geocod
11、ing by address matching and supports mapping. A map layer management system lets you click to change colors, settings, styles, visibility, and so on. Interface via Windows OLE, allowing cut and paste to other Windows applications, is possible. 4、 GRASS The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research
12、 Laboratories has developed publicdomain software called the Geographical Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS). Grass is raster based, was the first Unix GIS software, and has been considerably enhanced by the addition of user contributions, for example in hydrologic modeling. GRASS is availabl
13、e free over the Internet. Many users run GRASS on PCs under the Linux version of UNIX. Since 1985, CERL has released upgrades and enhancements to GRASS and provided technical user support. CERL terminated GRASS related work in the spring of 1996. Under formal agreements, CERL now works with commerci
14、al vendors both to support GRASS and to integrate its capabilities into commercial system. Existing information on the GRASS World Wide Web sites will be maintained for some time as background. 5、 IDRISI The IDRISI software system has been developed, distributed, and supported on a notfor-profit bas
15、is by the IDRISI Project, Clark University Graduate School of Geography. To date, there are over 15,000 registered users of IDRISI software in over 130 countries, making it the most widely used raster GIS in the world. IDRISI is designed to be easy to use, yet provide professional-level GIS, image p
16、rocessing and spatial statistics analytical capability on both DOS- and Windows-based personal computers. It is intended to be affordable to all levels of users and to run on the most basic of common computer platforms. Expensive graphics cards or peripheral devices are not required to make use of t
17、he analytical power of the system. The system is designed with an open architecture so that researchers can integrate their own modules. IDRISI for Windows, first released in 1995, added a graphical user interface, flexible cartographic composition facilities, and integrated database management syst
18、em to the analytical toolkit. Special routines for change and time-series analysis, spatial decision support, and uncertainty analysis and incorporation are included. The software comes with a set of tutorial exercises and data that guide the new user through the concepts of GIS and image processing
19、 while also introducing the features of IDRISI. The tutorial exercises are appropriate for use in self-training or in classroom settings. 6、 MapInfo MapInfo was one of the first GIS programs to do desktop mapping. The vendor is MapInfo Corporation of Troy, New York. The software is well distributed
20、and has many user groups and a broad variety of applications worldwide. The software runs under DOS, Windows, Macintosh, and on various Unix platforms. While MapInfos GIS retrieval and analysis functions are fewer than those of full-blown GIS packages, MapInfo includes a link to the Basic programming language via a language called MapBasic. This development environment permits the creation of customized “mapplications”, extending MapInfos built-in functionality and allowing use of a
