1、 1 外文文献翻译 发展中国家需要相互开放 市场 1 Developing Countries Need to Open Markets to Each Other By David Dollar Fully half of the benefits to developing countries from stalled multilateral trade negotiations would come from getting better access to each others markets. They would gain more by lowering their own
2、barriers to agricultural trade than they would by wealthy countries lowering their barriers, although the latter also must happen. With two-thirds of the industrial goods tariffs paid by developing countries going to other developing countries, further trade liberalization could attract foreign inve
3、stment and advance developing country growth. Completing the Doha Round trade negotiations will require real leadership on the part of the developing world, especially the big developing countries that have benefited so much from globalization. The Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations is st
4、alled and may very well fall apart. This round of trade liberalization was supposed to be the World Trade Organizations development round that would provide benefits in particular to developing countries, which are home to 1 billion people living on less than $1 per day and 2.6 billion living on les
5、s than $2. How would a new round of trade liberalization help poor countries? Opening Agricultural Markets The most obvious issue and the one that has received the most attention is the ongoing agricultural protection of rich countries. Japan protects rice and other markets. The United States and Eu
6、rope subsidize and protect farmers. Completely liberalizing agricultural markets in rich countries would provide an immediate annual benefit to developing countries of $26 billion, according to a recent World Bank estimate. To put this number in context, it is about one-half of the annual flow of fo
7、reign aid from rich countries to poor ones. Thus, opening agricultural markets in rich countries is one important issue. Less well publicized is the fact that opening the agricultural markets of developing countries would provide to these countries a similar even slightly larger gain of $28 billion
8、per year. This gain comes partly from the fact that trade liberalization will enable each country to expand production of goods and services that the country makes efficiently and sell them at better prices. Another benefit from trade is that consumers will buy at lower prices goods and services tha
9、t their country does not produce so well. In addition, developing country liberalization would stimulate South-South trade trade among developing countries providing benefits to other poor countries. Where it can be 2 achieved, liberalization of markets for staple foods can particularly help reduce
10、poverty, since these goods account for a large share of expenditure of poor households in developing countries. Cutting Industrial Tariffs While a lot of attention in trade discussions focuses on the agriculture issue, there is an equally strong case for further liberalizing markets for industrial p
11、roducts. Many developing countries are now efficient producers of manufactured products, especially labor-intensive ones such as textiles and electronics. In fact, 80 percent of the exports of developing countries are manufactured products. The largest markets for industrial goods are in the rich co
12、untries, but their import tariffs are already relatively low. Right now, about two-thirds of all industrial tariffs paid by developing-country producers are paid to other developing countries because import tariff rates for industrial products tend to be higher in developing countries. Developing co
13、untries thus have a lot to gain from better access to each others markets. This will enable more efficient firms to expand production and achieve scale economies and will encourage more specialization, as has been seen during European integration over recent decades. The phrase development round may
14、 suggest to some that the key objective of the current round is to get rich countries to drop their barriers against goods from poor countries. But that move alone would provide only half of the potential benefit that developing countries could gain from a more open trading system. Fully half of the
15、 potential benefit to developing countries of trade liberalization comes from better access to each others markets. Dynamic Benefits The benefits that I have discussed so far are what economists call static benefits gains that could come quickly based on current production capabilities. Full trade l
16、iberalization would lead to the developed countries reducing production of certain agricultural products, while such production expanded in developing countries having adequate land and water. Developing countries would also expand production and export of labor-intensive manufactures, whereas developed country production would tend to shift into heavy machinery, technology-intensive products, and services. But beyond these static gains, there are also important dynamic benefits. The dynamic effects are hard to quantify, but they are arguably more important than the static gains.
