1、附录一：外文原文 Super capacitors - An Overview Key words: Electrostatic capacitor； Electrolytic capacitor； Ceramic capacitor； Electrical double layer capacitor； Super Capacitor 1. INTRODUCTION This paper offers a concise review on the renaissance of a conventional capacitor toelectrochemical double layer c
2、apacitor or super capacitor. Capacitors are fundamental electrical circuitelements that store electrical energy in the order of microfarads and assist in filtering. Capacitors havetwo main applications； one of which is a function to charge or discharge electricity. This function isapplied to smoothi
3、ng circuits of power supplies, backup circuits of microcomputers, and timer circuitsthat make use of the periods to charge or discharge electricity. The other is a function to block the flowof DC. This function is applied to filters that extract or eliminate particular frequencies. This isindispensa
4、ble to circuits where excellent frequency characteristics are required. Electrolytic capacitorsare next generation capacitors which are commercialized in full scale. They are similar to batteries in cell construction but the anode and cathode materials remain the same. They are aluminum, tantalum an
5、d ceramic capacitors where they use solid/liquid electrolytes with a separator between two symmetrical electro des. An electrochemical capacitor (EC), often called a Super capacitor or Ultra capacitor, stores electrical charge in the electric double layer at a surface-electrolyte interface, primaril
6、y in high-surface-area carbon. Because of the high surface area and the thinness of the double layer, these devices can have very a high specific and volumetric capacitance. This enables them to combine a previously unattainable capacitance density with an essentially unlimited charge/discharge cycl
7、e life. The operational voltage per cell ,limited only by the breakdown potential of the electrolyte, is usually1 or 3 volts per cell for aqueous or organic electrolytes respectively. The concept of storing electrical energy in the electric double layer that is formed at the interface between an ele
8、ctrolyte and a solid has been known since the late 1800s. The first electrical device using double-layer charge storage was reported in 1957 by H.I. Becker of General Electric (U.S. Patent 2,800,616).Unfortunately, Beckers device was impractical in that, similarly to a flooded battery, both electrod
9、es needed to be immersed in a container of electrolyte, and the device was never comercialised. Becker did, however, appreciate the large capacitance values subsequently achieved by Robert A. Rightmire, a chemist at the Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO), to whom can be attributed the invention of
10、 the device in the format now commonly used. His patent (U.S. 3,288,641), filed in 1962 and awarded in late November 1966, and a follow-on patent (U.S. Patent 3,536,963) by fellow SOHIO researcher Donald L. Boos in 1970, form the basis for the many hundreds of subsequent patents and journal articles
11、 covering all aspects of EC technology. This technology has grown into an industrywith sales worth severalhundred million dollars per year. It is an in dustry that is poised today for rapid growth in the near term with the expansion of power quality needs and emerging transportation applications. Fo
12、llowing the commercial introduction of NECs Super Capacitor in 1978, under licence from SOHIO, EC have evolved through several generations of designs. Initially they were used as back-up power devices for v is for cells ranging in size from small millifarad size devices with exceptional pulse power
13、performance up to devices rated at hundreds of thousands of farads, with systems in some applications operating at up to 1,500 volts. The technology is seeing increasingly broad use, replacing batteriesolatile clock chips and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) computer memories. But many
14、 other applications have emerged over the past 30 years, including portable wireless communication, enhanced power quality for distributed power generation systems, industrial actuator power sources, and high-efficiency energy storage for electric vehicles(EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).Ov
15、erall, the unique attributes of ECs often complement the weaknesses of other power sources like batteries and fuel cells. Early ECs were generally rated at a few volts and had capacitance values measured from fractions of farads up to several farads. The trend today in some cases and in others compl
16、ementing their performance. The third generation evolution is the electric double layer capacitor, where the electrical charge stored at a metal/electrolyte interface is exploited to construct a storage device. The interface can store electrical charge in the order of 610 Farad. The main component i
17、n the electrode construction is activated carbon. Though this concept was initialized and industrialized some 40 years ago, there was a stagnancy in research until recent times； the need for this revival of interest arises due to the increasing demands for electrical energy storage in certain curren
18、t applications like digital electronic devices, implantable medical devices and stop/start operation in vehicle traction which need very short high power pulses that could be fulfilled by electric double layer capacitors. They are complementary to batteries as they deliver high power density and low
19、 energy density. They also have longer cycle life than batteries and possess higher energy density as compared to conventional capacitors. This has led to new concepts of the so-called hybrid charge storage devices in which electrochemical capacitor is interfaced with a fuel cell or a battery. These
20、 capacitors using carbon as the main electrode material for both anode and cathode with organic and aqueous electrolytes are commercialized and used in day to-day applications. Fig. 1 presents the three types of capacitors depicting the basic differences in their design and construction. Figure 1.Sc
21、hematic presentation of electrostatic capacitor, electrolytic capacitor and electrical double layer capacitor. EDLCs, however suffer from low energy density. To rectify these problems, recently researchers try to incorporate transition metal oxides along with carbon in the electrode materials. When
22、the electrode materials consist of transition metal oxides, then the electrosorption or redox processes enhance the value of specific capacitance ca. 10 -100 times depending on the nature of oxides. In such a situation, the EDLC is called as super capacitor or pseudo capacitor . This is the fourth generation capacitor. Performance of a super capacitor combines simultaneously two kinds of energy storage, i.e. non-faradic charge as in EDLC capacitors and faradaic charge similar to
