1、附录 1 中文参考资料 1变压器是变换交流电压、电流和阻抗的器件，当初级线圈中通有交流电流时，铁芯（或磁芯）中便产生交流磁通，使次级线圈中感应出电压（或电流）。变压器由铁芯（或磁芯）和线圈组成，线圈有两个或两个以上的绕组，其中接电源的绕组叫初级线圈，其余的绕组叫次级线圈。 2. 理想变压器不计一次、二次绕组的电阻和铁耗，其间耦合系数 K=1 的变压器称之为理想变压器 描述理想变压器的电动势平衡方程式为 e1(t) =-N1d/dt、e2(t)=-N2d/dt 若一次、二次绕组的电压、电动势的瞬时值均按正弦规律变化，则有不计铁心损失，根据能量守恒原理可得由此得出一次、二次绕组电压和电流有效值的关
2、系令 K=N1/N2，称为匝比（亦称电压比）。 3. 变压器的结构简介（ 1）铁心是变压器中主要的磁路部分。通常由含硅量较高，厚度分别为 0.35 mm0.3mm0.27 mm，表面涂有绝缘漆的热轧或冷轧硅钢片叠装而成铁心分为铁心柱和横片俩部分，铁心柱套有绕组；横片是闭合磁路之用铁心 结构的基本形式有心式和壳式两种（ 2）绕组是变压器的电路部分，它是用双丝包绝缘扁线或漆包圆线绕成变压器的基本原理是电磁感应原理，现以单相双绕组变压器为例说明其基本工作原理 :当一次侧绕组上加上电压 Ú；1 时，流过电流 Í；1，在铁芯中就产生交变磁通 Ø；1，这些磁通称为主磁通
3、，在它作用下，两侧绕组分别感应电势 É；1， É；2，感应电势公式为：E=4.44fNØ；m 式中： E-感应电势有效值， f-频率， N-匝数， Ø；m-主磁通最大 值，由于二次绕组与一次绕组匝数不同，感应电势 E1 和 E2 大小也不同，当略去内阻抗压降后，电压 Ú；1 和 Ú；2 大小也就不同。当变压器二次侧空载时，一次侧仅流过主磁通的电流（ Í；0），这个电流称为激磁电流。当二次侧加负载流过负载电流 Í；2 时，也在铁芯中产生磁通，力图改变主磁通，但一次电压不变时，主磁通是不变的，一次侧就要
4、流过两部分电流，一部分为激磁电流 Í；0，一部分为用来平衡 Í；2，所以这部分电流随着 Í；2 变化而变化。当电流乘以匝数 时，就是磁势。上述的平衡作用实质上是磁势平衡作用，变压器就是通过磁势平衡作用实现了一、二次侧的能量传递。变压器技术参数对不同类型的变压器都有相应的技术要求、可用相应的技术参数表示。如电源变压器的主要技述参数有：额定功率、额定电压和电压比、额定频率、工作温度等级、温升、电压调整率、绝缘性能和防潮性能，对于一般低频变压器的主要技述参数是：变压比、频率特性、非线性失真、磁屏蔽和静电屏蔽、效率等。 4. LM324 系列器件为价格便宜的带有真差
5、动输入的四运算放大器。与单电源应用场合的标准运算放大器相比，它们有一些显著 优点。该四放大器可以工作在低到 3.0 伏或者高到 32 伏的电源下，静态电流为 MC1741 的静态电流的五分之一。共模输入范围包括负电源，因而消除了在许多应用场合中采用外部偏置元件的必要性。每一组运算放大器，它有 5 个引出脚，其中 “+”、 “-”为两个信号输入端， “V+”、 “V-”为正、负电源端， “Vo”为输出端。两个信号输入端中， Vi-（ -）为反相输入端，表示运放输出端 Vo 的信号与该输入端的位相反； Vi+（ +）为同相输入端，表示运放输出端 Vo 的信号与该输入端的相位相同。 LM324 的特
6、点： 1.短跑保护输出 2.真差动 输入级 3.可单电源工作： 3V-32V 4.低偏置电流：最大 100nA 5.每封装含四个运算放大器。 6.具有内部补偿的功能。 7.共模范围扩展到负电源 8.行业标准的引脚排列 9.输入端具有静电保护功能 附录 2 英文参考资料 1. Transformer is to transform AC voltage, current and impedance of the device, when the primary coil with alternating current, the core (or cores) will be generated
7、 in the exchange of flux, the secondary coil induces a voltage (or current). Transformer from the core (or core) and the coils, there are two or more coil windings, in which power supply is called the primary coil winding, and the rest is called the secondary coil winding. 2. Ideal transformer, excl
8、uding primary and secondary winding resistance and iron loss, during which the coupling coefficient K = 1 of the transformer is called an ideal description of the ideal transformer transformer electromotive force balance equation for the e1 (t) =-N1 d / dt e2 ( t) =-N2 d / dt if the primary and seco
9、ndary winding voltage, electromotive force according to the instantaneous value of the sine rule changes, there is not total core losses, the energy conservation principle can be obtained resulting primary and secondary winding voltage and current relationship between the RMS that K = N1/N2, known a
10、s the turns ratio (also known as voltage ratio), then two. 3. transformer structure Introduction 1. core transformer core is part of the main magnetic circuit. Silicon content is usually higher, respectively, the thickness of 0.35 mm 0.3mm 0.27 mm, coated with insulating paint hot or cold-rolled sil
11、icon steel lamination core columns made of iron core is divided into two parts and horizontal slices, core columns sets are winding； horizontal slice is a closed circuit of the basic form with the core structure determined to 2-and shell-and-two. winding transformer winding is part of the circuit, i
12、t is flat with a double wire insulation or enamelled round wire wound into a transformer The basic principle is the principle of electromagnetic induction, is to single-phase two-winding transformer as an example of its basic working principle: When the primary winding voltage is 1 on when the curre
13、nt flows 1, is generated in the core cross-magnetic flux 1, the magnetic flux as the main flux, in its role, both sides of the winding, respectively, EMF 1, 2, EMF formula: E = 4.44fNm formula: E - RMS EMF f - Frequency N - number of turns m - the main flux with a maximum value of the secondary wind
14、ing turns of different windings, EMF E1and E2 are different sizes, compression resistance when the spent drop, the voltage 1 and 2 size is different. When the transformer secondary no-load, one side only of the current flowing through the main flux (0), the current is called the exciting current. Wh
15、en the secondary flow increases the load when the load current 2, is also produced in the core flux, trying to change the main magnetic flux, but a voltage is constant, the main magnetic flux is constant, one side will flow over the two current part of the exciting current for the 0, is used to balance a part of 2, so
