1、 本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 外文题目 Expert systems approach to minimize the effects of brain drain 外文出处 IJCM 外文作者 Naveed Saleem Abbas N. Azad 原文： Expert systems approach to minimize the effects of brain drain Naveed Saleem Abbas N. Azad Brain drain inflicts serious economic and social hardships on developing coun
2、tries. Consequently, these countries resort to such measures as governmental regulations and economic incentives, which aim to slow down emigration of their skilled professionals. However, these measures prove generally ineffective. Furthermore, predictive research on brain drain finds only further
3、increase in, rather than any decline of, the exodus of skilled professionals from developing countries, which exacerbates the brain drain problem. This paper advocates the use of expert systems to alleviate the scarcity of expertise caused by brain drain. The use of expert systems for this purpose a
4、ppears logical, because these systems have been successfully used to combat similar problems in developed countries. INTRODUCTION Brain drain, the emigration of trained professionals to other countries, is a matter of great concern to developing countries. Brain drain jeopardizes a countrys economic
5、 development and weakens its ability to provide essential services to its citizens. To make matters worse for these countries, no reprieve appears to be on the horizon for them. The empirical, predictive studies augur only further increase in rather than any decline of the loss of skilled manpower.
6、The traditional solutions applied to this problem have proved generally ineffective, hence, underlining the need for innovative approaches to address this problem. This paper advocates that the use of expert systems, one kind of information technology, provides an effective tool to minimize the effe
7、cts of brain drain from developing countries. EFFECTS OF BRAIN DRAIN Brain drain inflicts serious economic and social hardships on developing countries. First, it drains the scarce capital resources of the country, as well as hurts the performances of the business entities. For instance, it creates
8、dependence on foreign consultants, which results in the outflow of already scarce capital resources (Kiggundu, 1989). In addition, it forces businesses to promote less experienced individuals, who may be unprepared to handle their responsibilities, and thus hurt the overall performances of the organ
9、izations in national and international markets (McHale, 1988). Second, brain drain jeopardizes the essential services provided to the citizens of the developing country. In the Philippines, for example, some hospital wards had to be closed down due to shortage of nursing staff (Cohen, 1988). In Mexi
10、co, the emigration of university teachers to other countries, appears to have caused a decline in the quality of its higher education (Tangeman, 1989, p. A45). In short, brain drain causes serious economic and social implications for a country. Sometimes, however, the argument is advanced that emigr
11、ation actually benefits developing countries, because it affords their citizens the opportunity to acquire direly needed expertise and skills. This argument assumes that the majority of these individuals returns to the home country and makes valuable contributions to its development. However, as des
12、cribed later in this paper, this assumption is not borne out by reality. CAUSES OF BRAIN DRAIN The two primary reasons believed to trigger brain drain from developing countries are: (1) higher compensation with better opportunities abroad； and (2) political uncertainty at home. Inadequate compensati
13、on for ones skills in the home country becomes a source of frustration to the trained professionals, which motivates them to look abroad for employment. This frustration is well-spoken by a university professor in Mexico, who complained, I am a Ph.D. from Stanford and I cannot afford to buy a used V
14、olkswagen (Tangeman, 1989, p. A47). Economic considerations aside, when an uncertain political environment occurs in the home country, this event also sparks an exodus of the professional talent. For example, Chinas planned takeover of Hong Kong in 1997 scared a number of businesses, alongwith a hig
15、h number of trained professionals, into the move to other countries (McHale, 1988). TRADITIONAL SOLUTIONS TO BRAIN DRAIN The goal of the traditional approaches, used to overcome the brain drain problem, focuses on how to slow down the emigration of trained professionals. Typically, two methods are u
16、sed to accomplish this goal. One method involves governmental legislation that creates difficulties for professionals to leave the country. For instance, in the Philippines, legislation is under consideration which requires the nursing students to work in the Philippines for a period of at least two
17、 years, before they would be allowed to go abroad (Cohen, 1988). Likewise, in an effort to discourage emigration of its Hong Kong citizens, the Chinese government announced its study of whether or not to recognize foreign passports carried by Hong Kong nationals (Chada, 1988). The second method typi
18、cally used to slow down brain drain is to offer higher salaries and more attractive fringe benefits to the employees. For example, some Hong Kong businesses pay a bonus of three months salary to their current employees, as well as to any expatriates willing to return to Hong Kong (Stepping Over the
19、Border, 1989). Likewise, Taiwan offers its expatriates who are willing to return home significant financial assistance and facilities to start their own businesses in Taiwan (Tanzer, 1989). Similarly, Ireland made heavy investments in high tech industries in order to retain its bright and ambitious
20、citizens； however, its policy has not been very effective, because the young Irish still perceive only limited opportunities for them in Ireland (Manasian, 1988). Apparently, only Taiwan has had any success in attracting its former citizens return to homeland. Other countries have not had much luck
21、in this respect. For instance, Mexicos academic and political leaders virtually conceded that they cannot stop the university systems chronic brain drain to other countries (Tangeman, 1989). Likewise, Greek authorities have acknowledged that their country just cannot afford the economic incentives needed to attract Greek expatriates back to
