1、英文原文 Artificial Intelligence Advanced Idea ,Anticipating Incomparability on Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence(AI) is the field of engineering that builds systems ,primarily computer systems ,to perform tasks requiring intelligence .This field of research has often set itself ambitious
2、 goals, seeking to build machines that can outlook humans in particular domains of skill and knowledge ,and has achieved some success in this.The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include expert system ,industrial robotics,systems and languages language understa
3、nding ,learning ,and game playing,etc. Expert System An expert system is a set of programs that manipulate encoded knowledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that normally requires human expertise . Typically,the user interacts with an expert system in a consultation dialogue,just as he wou
4、ld interact with a human who had some type of expertise,explaining his problem,performing suggested tests,and asking questions about proposed solutions. Current experimental systems have achieved high levels of performance in consultation tasks like chemical and geological data analysis,computer sys
5、tem configuration,structural engineering,and even medical diagnosis.Expert systems can be viewed as intermediaries between human experts,who interact with the systems in knowledge acquisition mode ,and human users who interact with the systems in consultation mode. Furthermore ,much research in this
6、 area of AI has focused on endowing these systems with the ability to explain their reasoning,both to make the consultation more acceptable to the user and to help the human expert find errors in the systems reasoning when they occur.Here are the features of expert systems: Expert systems use knowle
7、dge rather than data to control the solution process. The know is encoded and maintained as an entity separated from the control program.Furthermore,it is possible in some cases to use different knowledge bases with the same control programs to produce different types of expert system.Such system ar
8、e known as expert system shells. Expert systems are capable of explaining how a particular concl- usion is reached,and why requested information is needed during a consultation. Expert systems use symbolic representations for knowledge and perform their inference through symbolic computations. Exper
9、t systems often reason with metaknowledge. Industrial Robotics An industrial robot is a general-purpose computer-controlled manipulator consisting of several rigid links connected in series by revolute or prismatic joints.Research in this field has looked at everything from the optimal movement of r
10、obot arms to methods of planning a sequence of actions to achieve a robots goals.Although more complex systems have been built,the thousands of robots that are being used today in industrial applications are simple devices that have been programmed to some repetitive task.Robots,when compared to hum
11、ans,yield more consistent quality,more predictable output,and are more reliable.Robots has been used in industry since 1965.They are usually characterized by the design of the mechanical system.There are six recognizable robot configurations: Cartesian Robots:A robot whose main frame consist of thre
12、e Linear axes. Gantry Robots:A Gantry robot is a type of artesian robot whose structure resembles a gantry.This structure is used to minimize deflection along each axis. Cylindrical Robots:A cylindrical robot has two linear axes and one rotary axis. Spherical Robots:A spherical robot has one linear
13、axis and two rotary axes.Spherical Robots are used in a variety of industrial tasks such as welding and material handling. Articulated Robots:An articulated robot has three rotational axes connecting three rigid links and a base. Scara Robots:One style of robot that has recently become quite popular
14、 is a combination of the articulated arm and the cylindrical robot.The robot has more than three axes and is widely used in electronic assembly. Systems and Languages Computer-systems ideas like time-sharing,list processing,and interactive debugging were developed in the AI research environment.Spec
15、ialized programming languages and systems,with features designed to facilitate deduction,robot manipulation,cognitive modeling,and so on, have often been rich sources of new ideas.Most recently,reveral knowledge-representation languages,computer languages for encoding knowledge and reasoning methods
16、 as data structure and procedures,which have been developed in the last few years to explore a variety of ideas about how to build reasoning programs. Problem Solving The first big success in AI was programs that could solve puzzles and play games like chess.Techniques like looking ahead several mov
17、es and dividing difficult problems into easier sub-problems evolved into the fundamental AI techniques of search and problem reduction.Todays programs play championship-level checkers and backgammon,as well as very good chess.Another problem-solving program that integrates mathematical formulates sy
18、mbolically has attained very high levels of performance and is being used by scientists and engineers.Some programs can even improve their performance with experience. As discussed above,the open questions in this area involve capabilities that human players have but cannot articulate,like the chess
19、 masters ability to see the board configuration in terms of meaningful patterns.Another basic open question involves the original conceptualization of a problem,called in AI the choice of problem representation.Humans often solve a problem by finding a way of thinking about it that makes the solution easy-AI problems,so far,must be told how to think about the problems they solve.
