1、本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文： Job Security in the Building Industry And High Quality Low-Rent Housing This article is concerned with the labor and the urban renewal aspects of the problems of job security in the building industry and high quality low-rent housing. The author is an assistant United States a
2、ttorney in the Southern District of New York. HE SUPREME COURT DECISION that collective bargaining agreements in the building trades may permit employees to re-fuse to work on prefabricated materials focuses attention on the problem of job security in the building industry and how it can be protecte
3、d at the same time that high quality housing at low rents is provided for those not now able to obtain it. Groups Involved in This Problem Building trades employees are vitally concerned about the security of their jobs which may be threatened by building methods which use less labor. This concern c
4、omes on top of job insecurity due to the ups and downs of construction, the seasonal nature of some types of construction work, and the fact that there is usually no permanent employer, but merely jobs on particular pieces of construction work. Citizens living in overcrowded or dilapidated housing w
5、ho cannot afford to pay luxury apartment rents are vitally affected by the high level of building costs. This is particularly true of those whose access to the housing market is limited by racial discrimination. All citizens in metropolitan areas are affected by blight caused in part by substandard
6、housing, which i f not eliminated, tends to spread. Taxpayers are necessarily affected by the amount of housing which can be obtained in return for public investment in housing programs. The nation as a whole is affected both by the degree to which high and steady employment at good rates of pay can
7、 be assured in major industries of which construction is one of the most important,and by the degree to which the problems of our central cities can be effectively dealt with for the benefit of all and as an example pertinent to the struggle for mens minds throughout the world. The vital character o
8、f each of these interests is clear. The importance of job security to employees hardly needs underlining. And one of the primary purposes of trade unionism has always been to promote job protection. This function is particularly crucial in the building industry because of seasonal and other changes
9、in construction activity and the absence of any single long-term employer for the particular employee.Employees in widely differing industries have reacted to the threat posed by job insecurity in a variety of ways,including: Formal and informal restrictios on the amount of work an employee may do i
10、n order that the employees do not work themselves out of a job, a danger which can affect the livelihood of each member of the group； Refusal to work on prefabricated materials which pose a threat to jobs or to utilize technological devices such as paint rollers which might eliminate the need for la
11、bor； Use of influence to obtain legislation requiring standards of various kinds which maximize the amount of labor needed of which the ful crew laws in the railroad field are an example ； Inclusion of restrictions in union laws and constitutions dealing with who is to be allowed to do particular ty
12、pes of work and how it is to be done； Limitations of various kinds on the possibility of outside employees competing for scarce jobs； Efforts to compensate for periods of lack of availability of work, including seasonal slack periods, by ob taining high hourly wage rates for work performed. Governme
13、nt Action Unsuccessful Governmental action has been attempted from time to time to break up these practices, but it has not been accompanied by any substitute means of assuring job security to the em,ployees involved. Perhaps in part for this reason, it has proved unsuccessful.On the other hand, in
14、several industries in different situations, ways of protecting employees threatened with job loss due to technological change have been worked out so as to permit an end to practices otherwise considered necessary to maintain the number of available jobs. The arbitration award in the 1963 railway di
15、spute rendered under a federal statute providing for compulsory arbitration limited to the specific dispute provided for elimination of some railway jobs but protection of jobs of existing employees. The additional positions when vacant were,in general, simply not to be filled.Such an approach could
16、 be considered because railroads are strongly stable institutions with identifiable employees who have built up seniority with particular carriers. Present Methods Lacking The vital and legitimate interest of building trades employees and their unions in job protection is of inescapable importance i
17、n considering how to promote high quality low-rent housing. But the consequences of our present methods of promoting job security in the building industry have serious implications which are likely to endanger constructive progress in housing and perhaps in the end to endanger job security itself.By
18、 preventing the use of labor-saving technology, present methods raise building costs. This tends to make it impossible to build decent housing at low or even moderate rents. Hence the rebuilding of dilapidated areas of our cities becomes most difficult unless the rebuilt housing is to be inaccessibl
19、e to former residents of the area because of its high cost. The result is either that new housing for such areas is built at minimum rockbottom cost and is deemed undesirable, giving a bad name to housing programs, or that former resident must be ousted from their homes and crowded into worse housin
20、g, new decent housing being unavailable due to its cost as well as to racial discrimination where the residents are members of minority groups. The wider ramifications of the blockage of new decent housing at low rents are plain. Former residents of rebuilt areas, often confined within a ghetto by discriminatory realty markets, must take the best housing offered. As soon as an area becomes integrated and open to minority occupancy, the pressure of desperate need for decent housing tends to bring about its resegregation as part of the
