1、本科毕业设计（论文） 外 文 翻 译 原文 ： Strangers in the City:The HuKou and Urban Citizenship in China Peter W. Mackenzie “Even as migrants hukou status excludes them from many of the entitlements provided by the state,they also enjoy greater autonomy from state control than any other group within Chinese society”
2、On National Day(1October)2001,chinas government announced that it would ease the restrictions of the hukou,or household registration system,and that it planned to abolish the system within five years.The hukou,which binds Chinese people to their places of birth,may be reasonably described as the bro
3、adest experiment in population control in human history. Its abolition would indelibly affect the lives of hundreds of millions of Chinese peasants whose exclusion from Chinas economic boom has led them to seek better opportunities in cinties. The hukou,introduced during the first decade of Peoples
4、Republic of China,institutionalizes the denial of basic rights and services to Chinas so-called floating population of 150 million rural-to-urban migrant laborers.Under the hukou system,rural migrants in the cities are forbidden to own land,barred from the most promising jobs and unable to access th
5、e subsidized education and medical care to which urban residengts are entitled.Although the abundant and cheap labor provided by migrants has fueled the dizzyingly rapid growth of Chinas urban econimy,these migrants remain adrift between the poverty of rural existence and te unattainable privileges
6、of urban citizenship. They are a class of strangers in the city,largely invisible to city planners and ofen disdained by premanent residents.To integrate these outsiders into Chinas urban citizenry without unleashings new threats tostability is one of the greatest challenges a new generation of Chin
7、ese leaders will face. YEARS OF CONTROL Before the implementation in 1953 of Chinas first five-year economic plan,Chinese citizens were allowed to travel and change their residence freely,provided they registered the move with the Public Security Bureau.This registration system was used chiefly to m
8、onitor changes in population distribution,and the state made little attempt to stem the movement of labor from the countryside to the city.With the development in the early 1950s of labor-intensive heavy industries,30million rural laborers poured into the cities to find employment,causing Chinas urb
9、an population to leap from10.64percent of the total in 19949 to 18.41in 1959. In the mid-1950s,Chinas leaders,seeking to harness this population flow and direct it to ward key industrial targets,began to exlore more ambitious prerogatives for the registration system.Social scientist Dortothy Solinge
10、r traces this development to the Marxist ideal among Chinas revolutionary generation of “lock onto the land a potential underclass,ready to be exploited to fulfill the new states cherished project of industrialization.”Rural people would form an “industrial reserve army”that could be called up whene
11、ver needed for construction or industrial initiatives. The hukou comes in two varieties:agricultural and non-agricultural, distributed respectively to rural and urban citizens. In the Mao years,a non- agricultural hukou was issued to each urban household ,but in the countryside only one registration
12、 booklet was issued to each cooperative,binding peasants not just to their families but to entire rural social units.Citizens in Maos China were not allowed to change an agricultural hukou into a non-agricultural one, except when given new official work assignments or orderd to move.Migration within
13、 China during the 1960s and 1970s occurred primarily in reponse to recruitment by urban labor departments for state-initiated projects. In this period, the household registration policy was rigidly enforced,and those who attempted to migrate without authorization were harassed by police,met with blo
14、ckades and forcibly deported.、 The hukou system met with remarkable success in the first two decades of its existence,virtually ending all spontaneous movement within the worlds most popuous country. This success should not be attributed solely to the legal power of the hukou itself but rathher to t
15、he strict system of rationing that complemented it .In Mao-era cities,basic staples such as grain,cotton,cooking oil,milk,sugra and meat could only be bought in state-run markets using rationging certificates,which were unattainable to those without a non-agricultural hukou.Furthermore,nearly all ur
16、ban employment was assigned by the state labor bureau,which was authorized to allocate jobs only to official city residents.Urban residents danwei,or work units,provided all city housing.As a result,the only existence available to a rural migrant in a Chinese city was that of a homeless,unemployed b
17、eggar,a prospect that kept most peasants in their place despite their often-misersabl existence in the countryside. However, it was also the states reliance on the denial of necessities to enforce the the hukou that crippled the systems effectiveness when economic reforms were introduceed. These ref
18、orms also created intense pressures for peasant mobiliity into cities and towns,leading inexorably to the hukous demise. YEARS OF REFORM Under Deng Xiaopings leadership,broad economic reforms were introduced, dismantling many of the mechanisms of state planning and social control that had existed un
19、der Mao. In 1979,the communes that had dominated rural life since the 1950s were disbanded, and a “household contract responsibility” system was established,wherebby farming was done at the householld rather than the collective lecel and farmers were allowed to keep or slell s certain portion of the
20、ir produce on the free market.With the commune system gone and incentives introducedfor farmers to produce and sell more, agricultural efficiency increased and the demand for labor dropped. At the same time, peasants were allowed to engage in other forms of economic activity, and township and villag
21、e enterprises(TVEs)emerged,creating 57 million jobs between 1978 and 1986.Both state and non-state enterprises were allowed to retain a portion of their earnings,creating an incentive system that led to the rapid economic growth of Chinas coastal cities in the 1980s and 1990s. An unintended consequence of these reforms was they removed the hukou systems most effective control devices.Suddenly,it was possible for peasants to enter the cities,find jobs and buy food on the free market.Two other trends wrought
