1、 本科毕业论文 外文文献 及 译文 文献、资料题目： Global Positioning System 文献、资料来源： http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 2009.01.03 院 （部）： 土木工程学院 专 业： 土木工程 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2009.5.19 外文 文献 ： Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation sate
2、llite system (GNSS) developed by the United States Department of Defense and managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing. It is the only fully functional GNSS in the world, can be used freely, and is often used by civilians for navigation purposes. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a
3、 satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywh
4、ere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.It uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 medium Earth orbit satellites that transmit precise radiowave signals, which allow GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity
5、. Its official name is NAVSTAR GPS. Although NAVSTAR is not an acronym,1 a few backronyms have been created for it.Since it became fully operational in 1993, GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses, and hob
6、bies such as geocaching. Also, the precise time reference is used in many applications including the scientific study of earthquakes and as a required time synchronization method for cellular network protocols such as the IS-95 standard for CDMA. GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very
7、 precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the users exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells t
8、he GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the users position and display it on the units electronic map. A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position
9、(latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the users 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the users position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip dista
10、nce, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more. History The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. Using a constellation of five satellites, it could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In
11、 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite which proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology that GPS relies upon. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on signal phase comparison, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. The desig
12、n of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War II. Additional inspiration for the GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team of
13、 U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputniks radio transmissions. They discovered that, because of the Doppler effect, the frequency of the signal being transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from them. They realized
14、that since they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion. After Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down in 1983 after straying into the USSRs prohibited airspace,3 President Ronald Reagan issued a direct
15、ive making GPS freely available for civilian use as a common good.4 The satellites were launched between 1989 and 1993. Initially the highest quality signal was reserved for military use, while the signal available for civilian use was intentionally degraded (Selective Availability, SA). Selective Availability was
