1、 本科毕业论文外文原文 外文题目： Financial Foreign Direct Investment: The Role of Private Equity Investments in the Globalization of Firms from Emerging Markets 出 处： Management International Review, 2009:11-26 DOI:10.1007 /s11575-008-0122-9 作 者： Tamir Agmon and Avi Messica 原 文： 1. Introduction International busine
2、ss and economic development are closely related. When applying to emerging markets, foreign direct investment (FDI) and development economics are two sides of the same coin. In terms of the classical OLI model of the economics of international business, the multinational enterprises (MNE) brings int
3、o play the ownership advantage while the governments of emerging markets bring into play the location advantage (Dunning 2000). For most part, the economics and the strategy of international business focused on the MNE while economic geography from Koopman (1957) to Krugman (1991) and later (as well
4、 as development economics) have focused on the country in which the investment takes place. This paper brings together international business development economics and international trade to gain better insights into an important and fascinating phenomenon in the arena of international business the
5、recent growth of private equity investments in emerging markets. The tremendous growth of private equity investments in emerging markets is evident from the data presented in Table 1. The total went up almost ten times, from about $3.5B to more than $33B in the period 2003-2006. Emerging Asia led th
6、e emerging markets with $19.4B raised in 2006 by 93 funds； about a third of the money that was raised by these funds went to China and India. The main argument that is presented and discussed in this paper is that private equity investments in emerging markets is another expression of foreign direct
7、 investment (FDI) where firms from the developed countries export specific factors of production (their ownership advantage) to small countries and emerging markets (new locations) as a way to generate value to all stakeholders. The firms in the developed countries in this case are specialized finan
8、cial institutions (private equity funds) (Yoshikawa et al. 2006) and the factor of production that they export is high-risk sector specific capital. We dubbed this form of FDI as financial foreign direct investment (FFDI), but the process and the rational are the same as in the classical FDI analysi
9、s. FFDI (synonymousbut not restricted tofor private equity throughout this paper) is a subset of FDI that is solely devotedas the name impliesfor investments in private firms in purpose of generating high return on- investment over a relatively short period (5-7 years). The term “short” is relative
10、and in comparison with the typical investment periods of the investors of private equity funds (e.g., pension funds, endowment funds and the like). At the extreme, i.e., in venture capital investments, investors take into account upfront that some of their investments will be written off at the pros
11、pects that few will generate return that will more than compensate those sunk investments (hence the “high-risk” referral). Sector specific capital is a general phenomenon. In many industries such investment is more than mere financial investment and is augmented by specific information that the inv
12、estor may posses in the form of managerial expertise, deal structuring specialty, networking capabilities and the like. In the case of the high-risk capital industry there is a need to bridge the gap between the risk perception of the investment project by the entrepreneurs or the “insiders” and the
13、 investors (most often risk-averse investors), the “outsiders”. This is accomplished by a combination of validation processes and screening mechanisms that are engaged by the private equity funds. In this regard they act as financial and risk intermediaries (Coval/Thakor 2005, provide an analytical
14、framework for this approach). The value of the general partners of private equity funds depends on the quality of the risk intermediation that they perform for their investors. This makes them credible and reliable processors of information. Table 1: Emerging Markets Private Equity Funds Raising, 20
15、03-2006 (US$ Millions) Emerging Asia CEE Russia Latham Sub-Sahara Africa Middle- East Africa Multiple Regions Total 2003 2,200 406 417 NA 350 116 3,489 2004 2,800 1,777 714 NA 545 618 6,454 2005 15,446 2,711 1,272 791 1,915 3,630 25,765 2006 19,386 3,272 2,656 2,353 2,946 2,580 33,193 Source: EMPEA
16、(Emerging Markets Private Equity Association) 2007. The discussion and the analysis presented in this paper draw on three different bodies of literature； the literature of finance and growth from development economics, (Levine 1997, 2004), the literature on comparative advantage in the discussion of
17、 patterns of trade (Deardorff 2004) and the literature of imperfect contracts in micro economics and in financial economics (Hart 2001, Zingales 2000). Financial foreign direct investment as practiced by private equity funds can be a powerful contributor to economic and business growth in emerging m
18、arkets. FFDI changes the scene of international business as it contributes to a change in the relations between firms in developed countries and firms in the emerging markets. The unique relatively short term nature of a private equity investment makes it an appropriate instrument for the transition
19、 period that the world of international business is experiencing regarding the role of emerging markets and the role of China and India in particular. This is so because the short term nature of private equity investments allows firms in emerging markets for sufficient time for transfer of informati
20、on and learning and yet allow the local stakeholders to resume full ownership once the process is completed. The relations between the development economics literature on finance and growth and the international business literature is presented and discussed in the next section of the paper. It is s
21、hown that the two bodies of literatures are quite related once one penetrates the specific lingo employed by each one of them. The problems in the institutional setting and the lack of sufficient development of the capital markets in most emerging markets are overcome by creating specific international
