1、本科毕业论文外文原文 外文题目： Carbon Finance for Low-Carbon Community Development in East Asia 出 处： Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES) 作 者： Hidenori Nakamura, Policy Researcher, Policy and Governance Team 原 文： Low-carbon development is required in East Asia to achieve development constrained by
2、energy availability and to mitigate anticipated climate change. Incorporating climate change mitigation into community development efforts is important to help put countries on a low-carbon developmental pathway. However, this is not easy to achieve, and one of the major obstacles is finance. In man
3、y developing countries, local funding sources are scarce. To address this obstacle, this study explores the potential to use new forms of carbon finance from developed countries, such as carbon credits and voluntary carbon offsets which have recently been being operating in practice, in order to sup
4、port low-carbon community development projects in developing countries. This study tries to address several questions. What is the state of carbon finance for low-carbon community development projects in East Asian developing countries where the projects have developmental benefits to the community
5、as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction effects? Are there any low-carbon community development projects that are financed by either not-for-profit finance (i.e., loans which do not seek financial returns), or contributions by non-profit organisations (NPOs) and foundations in developed
6、countries?How can project proponents either local governments or private organizations better utilise carbon finance for low-carbon community development projects? What could other stakeholders, such as national governments and international organisations, do to support such local initiatives? This
7、report examines the above questions and discusses implications for local actors, in particular local governments, who are promoting low-carbon development in the areas of energy, waste and transport, and develops policy suggestions for national and international public institutions to support such l
8、ocal actors in selected East Asian developing countries, i.e. the Philippines, Indonesia and China. To answer these questions, three country case studies were conducted, including nation-wide preliminary surveys and in-depth case studies of nine projects in each of the three countries. This study fo
9、und that there were increasing numbers of development oriented clean development mechanism (CDM) projects in the three countries. Also, there are a few climate change mitigation projects for carbon offsetting in Indonesia, some low-carbon community development projects without carbon credits funded
10、by contributions and donations in the Philippines and Indonesia, and no such projects funded by not-for-profit finance. The study also suggests several barriers to the utilisation of international carbon finance, in particular for carbon finance, especially unfavourable conditions for investors such
11、 as high transaction costs and limited knowledge and experiences of local actors. This study also examines the roles played by local governments, including as project proponents and facilitators, as well as the means that local governments use to facilitate projects, such as support for project prop
12、onents, enhancing communication among local stakeholders, and providing necessary local ordinances and regulations. Based on the findings and analyses of the country studies, this study suggests several ways for stakeholders to further promote carbon finance for low-carbon community development proj
13、ects in East Asian developing countries. For project developers interested in development, including either local governments or private companies, it is desirable to refocus existing development programmes to incorporate additional GHG emissions reduction effects in order to utilise carbon finance,
14、 and to select technologies that utilise locally available technology to avoid higher costs that discourage investors, if international technology transfer hinders project formulation. Project developers should also make more efforts to outreach the concepts of voluntary carbon management and offset
15、ting. Local governments should select, revise and implement appropriate developmental programmes that have GHG emissions reduction effects, utilising carbon finance schemes. Local governments are also encouraged to develop and extend the programmatic approach which aggregates many small-scale projec
16、ts in a certain geographical area so that low-carbon projects can contribute to existing developmental programmes as well as generate revenues from carbon credit production and sales. National governments could support the development of programmatic framework. Local governments would also be able t
17、o promote two-step loan to finance low-carbon community development projects by means of effective coordination with national governments and international / local financial institutions. Local governments that are already committed to or interested in developing energy and resource efficient econom
18、ies could learn from the experiences and knowledge of other local governments using formal and informal networks of individuals and organisations. National governments and international organisations could support development of low-carbon community development projects by establishing a fund that o
19、perates a competitive grant programme, whose grants can be used for underlying finance to projects that show high prospects in terms of contribution to community developmental benefits, and by assisting in knowledge dissemination and capacity development activities for the staff lf local governments
20、 and financial institutions. For China, the only low carbon development projects found by the study were CDM projects with carbon credits. No voluntary carbon offsetting projects were found in the areas of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and waste and wastewater management. Also, the study did
21、not find any low-carbon development projects funded through not-for-profit or non-profit private finance, though it is possible that some low-carbon development projects funded by non-profit private finance may be funded by international developmental assistance from NGOs in developed countries. The
22、 number of CDM projects that were approved by the Chinese DNA has increased drastically. After the very first CDM project was approved on 10 January 2006, 255 projects were approved by the end of year 2006. In 2007, 773 projects were approved and 570 projects had been approved by 3 November 2008. The total number of CDM projects approved is 1,598 as of 3 November 2008. Around half of the projects approved are hydropower projects. Wind power, waste heat / gas utilisation,
